TerraMosaic Daily Digest: August 1, 2026
Daily Summary
Landslide hazard is being recast as a quantitative sequence from source failure to downstream consequence. In the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, 385 landslide dams and 310 reconstructed outburst floods support a regional magnitude-frequency relation: estimated peak discharge rises from 20,000 m³/s for a 100-year return period to 100,000 m³/s for a 10,000-year return period. The framework links detached volume and erosion rates to recurrence, providing a defensible basis for design in gorges where outburst floods exceed rainfall floods of the same nominal return period.
Monitoring studies expose the limits of nominal model or sensor performance. At the Hochvogel rock slope, 70 months of records from 11 sensors show data coverage above 99% when major disruptions are absent, but also reveal correlated outages during the periods when redundancy matters most. Around Baihetan Reservoir, sensitivity-constrained anisotropic regularization recovers three-dimensional motion from only two Sentinel-1 viewing geometries, reducing north-south dispersion by 41.9% and retaining millimetre-scale agreement with GNSS. Together, these results shift validation from isolated accuracy to the continuity and observability of an operational warning system.
An open-access landslide volume broadens the operational picture from sensors to forecast delivery. Neural super-resolution converts 2 km rainfall forecasts to 500 m grids for Sri Lankan warning; displacement experiments identify acceleration from 2D and 3D trajectories; regional parameter calibration and community-designed procedures address model input and response. Its multilingual web observatory remains a proposed research architecture rather than a globally validated service. Beyond landslides, a 146,950-event Maule aftershock catalogue resolves the deep subduction interface, an automated focal-mechanism workflow targets small Italian earthquakes, and compound-event analysis separates persistent structural coupling from transient coincidence.
Key Trends
Five shifts connect the day's work across landslides, earthquakes, floods and compound hazards.
- Rare Cascades Are Acquiring Return Periods: Landslide-dam floods are reconstructed as a regional magnitude-frequency process, moving design decisions beyond inventories of past blockages.
- Reliability Is Becoming a System Variable: Long sensor records, forecast-delivery chains and standard operating procedures treat data continuity, redundancy and institutional response as parts of one warning chain.
- Remote Sensing Is Moving From Detection to Dynamics: Two-track InSAR inversion, displacement forecasting and rainfall super-resolution embed geometry or physics so that mapped change can be interpreted as motion and forcing.
- Hazards Are Being Modelled as Coupled Sequences: Landslide dams, impulse waves, sediment cascades, liquefaction, turbidity currents and tsunamis are analysed through linked source, pathway and consequence processes.
- Transfer Is Being Made Testable: Open software and datasets, regional parameter calibration, domain-informed learning and cross-site validation expose where a method travels and where local evidence remains essential.
Selected Papers
Rare-event reconstruction, operational monitoring reliability and physically constrained deformation inversion form the scientific centre of this issue. The accompanying studies extend that chain into a proposed global observatory, local rainfall forecasts, open modelling components and warning procedures designed around the decisions they must support.
1. Hazard from Landslide-dammed outburst floods in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Core Problem: Mountain-gorge planning lacks a recurrence framework for landslide-dammed outburst floods, even though their discharges can exceed rainfall floods assigned the same return period.
Key Innovation: An inventory of 385 dams and 310 reconstructed floods links landslide-source volume and erosion rates to regional magnitude-frequency curves, yielding estimated peak discharges of 20,000, 44,000 and 100,000 m³/s at return periods of 100, 1,000 and 10,000 years, respectively.
2. Quantifying the effective reliability of geotechnical high-alpine real-time monitoring systems
Core Problem: Laboratory reliability ratings do not reveal whether isolated alpine sensors and their communication links will remain available during the conditions most important for warning.
Key Innovation: Seventy months of 10-minute data from 11 sensors at Hochvogel quantify effective coverage, failure causes and simultaneous outages, showing where sensor, technique and data-stream redundancy are required.
3. Sensitivity-Constrained Anisotropic Regularization for Two-Track InSAR 3D Landslide Deformation Inversion in the Baihetan Reservoir Area, China
Core Problem: Two Sentinel-1 viewing geometries leave three-dimensional landslide motion weakly constrained, especially in the north-south component over complex slopes.
Key Innovation: Sensitivity-constrained anisotropic regularization converts directional observability into component-wise weights; 340 images yield GNSS-validated 3D motion and reduce stable-area north-south dispersion by 41.9% relative to isotropic regularization.
4. Deep Learning Enables Transferable Rheological Parameters for Landslide Runout Prediction
Core Problem: Runout models require rheological parameters that are costly to calibrate and often fail to transfer between landslides.
Key Innovation: A released deep-learning workflow learns transferable rheological parameters for landslide runout prediction, turning calibration into a reproducible and reusable modelling component.
5. New 2010 Maule Aftershock Catalog Reveals Structure of the Deep Subduction Interface
Core Problem: The deep structure of the 2010 Maule aftershock zone remained blurred by incomplete phase detection and one-dimensional velocity assumptions.
Key Innovation: AI phase picking, a three-dimensional velocity model and double-difference relocation produce a 146,950-event catalogue that resolves structures along the deep subduction interface.
6. Recent Decrease in Precipitation Asymmetry of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones Across South China
Core Problem: The spatial asymmetry of landfalling tropical-cyclone rainfall controls flood exposure, but its long-term evolution and dynamical cause were unresolved across South China.
Key Innovation: A 1998-2024 record identifies a 29% decline in precipitation asymmetry and attributes the change to weaker environmental vertical wind shear.
7. SIA-Net: A Scale-View Interactive Attention Network for Landslide Extraction from High-Resolution Optical Remote Sensing Images
Core Problem: Optical landslide segmentation loses accuracy when target size and viewing context vary strongly within high-resolution imagery.
Key Innovation: SIA-Net couples scale-view interaction with attention and is tested across two landslide inventories, targeting small failures and heterogeneous scene context in one extraction model.
8. Recent Advances in Understanding and Reducing Multi-Geohazard Risks: Liquefaction, Coastal and Submarine Landslides, Turbidity Currents, and Tsunamis
Core Problem: Liquefaction, submarine slope failure, turbidity currents and tsunamis are often assessed separately despite sharing gravity-flow mechanisms and cascading pathways.
Key Innovation: The synthesis links multi-phase liquefaction physics to coastal and submarine landslides, turbidity currents, tsunami generation, hazard mapping and early warning within one process chain.
9. The July 30–31, 2024, Chilcotin Landslide, British Columbia, Canada: Enhancing Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction with AI-Powered UAV Imagery Analysis, Benchmarked with Field Observations
Core Problem: Rapid mapping of the 2024 Chilcotin landslide and its dam-breach sequence required AI-derived imagery products to remain accountable to field evidence.
Key Innovation: AI-assisted UAV orthophotography, oblique aerial images and SAR are benchmarked against mapped materials and landforms to reconstruct a 0.06 km³ failure, 0.80 km³ impoundment and downstream breach sequence.
10. Local Rainfall Predictions for Operational Landslide Early Warning in Sri Lanka
Core Problem: Sri Lankan landslide warnings require local rainfall at resolutions that conventional operational forecasts cannot provide without prohibitive computing cost.
Key Innovation: A 2 km weather simulation is downscaled by neural super-resolution to 500 m; one forecast day runs in about 2.5 hours and improves on bicubic downscaling for operational updates.
11. Large Landslides in Ethiopia: Spatial Distributions, Influencing Factors, and Cascading Effects
Core Problem: Ethiopia lacks a consistent national view of where large landslides occur, what conditions control them and how their impacts propagate beyond the initial failure.
Key Innovation: A 1997-2024 inventory of 306 landslides larger than 3 ha resolves spatial controls and associated cascading effects across an underrepresented Global South setting.
12. Disaster Experiences, Challenges, and Lessons Learned: Insights from Aranayake, Kegalle Districts, Sri Lanka
Core Problem: Post-disaster accounts from Aranayake have not been consolidated into operational lessons for warning, preparedness and community resilience.
Key Innovation: Local experience from Kegalle District is organized into practical challenges and lessons that connect technical warning systems with community response capacity.
13. Prediction of the Failure Time of a Slope Based on the Measurement of 2D (3D) Displacements
Core Problem: Failure-time prediction is difficult when slope acceleration must be inferred from sparse two- or three-dimensional displacement observations.
Key Innovation: Measured 2D and 3D displacement trajectories are used to identify acceleration behaviour and estimate impending slope-failure time from observable kinematics.
14. Thirty Years of Landslide Research in the Peruvian Andes—From Hazard Assessment to Participative Landslide Risk Reduction
Core Problem: Landslide research in the Peruvian Andes has often separated hazard characterization from the people and institutions responsible for risk reduction.
Key Innovation: Three decades of work are synthesized as a progression from assessment to participatory risk reduction, exposing the conditions required for sustained local implementation.
15. Development of Early Warning Technology for Rain-Induced Rapid and Long-Travelling Landslides in Sri Lanka: Achievements and Future Challenges of the SATREPS Project RRLL (IPL-249)
Core Problem: Rain-induced rapid, long-travelling landslides in Sri Lanka leave little time to convert trigger observations into actionable warnings.
Key Innovation: The SATREPS RRLL programme integrates field monitoring, process understanding and warning technology, and identifies the remaining steps needed for sustained operational deployment.
16. Ground Instability Processes in the Italian Territory: Outcomes for Advanced Susceptibility Methods from a National Review of Learning Examples
Core Problem: National susceptibility modelling is limited by inconsistent examples of ground instability and by labels that do not represent the full diversity of Italian processes.
Key Innovation: A national review organizes learning examples and extracts methodological requirements for more transferable ground-instability susceptibility models.
17. Landslide Early Warning Technology and the Protocol for the Social-Implementation Activities in Sri Lanka
Core Problem: Technically credible warning tools often fail at the point of social adoption because roles, messages and local implementation steps remain implicit.
Key Innovation: The Sri Lankan programme specifies a protocol for social implementation alongside landslide early-warning technology, making stakeholder action part of system design.
18. Rock Failures in Coastal Carbonate Cliffs: Susceptibility, Hazard Assessment and Monitoring
Core Problem: Coastal carbonate cliffs combine rockfall susceptibility, visitor exposure and difficult monitoring geometry, yet these components are rarely evaluated together.
Key Innovation: Susceptibility analysis, hazard assessment and monitoring evidence are integrated into a single treatment of coastal rock failures.
19. Visualization of Geomorphologic Interpretation for Landslides Using an Eye Tracking System
Core Problem: Geomorphic landslide interpretation depends on expert visual reasoning that is difficult to observe, compare or teach.
Key Innovation: Eye tracking records how interpreters inspect landforms, making expert attention patterns measurable for visualization and training.
20. Calibration of Geotechnical Parameters for Slope Stability Assessment at the Regional Scale
Core Problem: Physically based regional slope-stability models require geotechnical parameters that are sparse, scale-dependent and uncertain.
Key Innovation: Back-analysis and probabilistic calibration constrain cohesion and friction angle for open-source regional stability modelling rather than assigning uniform literature values.
21. Designing Standard Operating Procedures for a Landslide Early Warning System for Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
Core Problem: Cox's Bazar needs a warning protocol that assigns decisions, messages and responsibilities under local exposure and institutional constraints.
Key Innovation: Stakeholders co-design standard operating procedures that connect a web-based landslide forecast to operational actions in highly exposed communities.
22. A Deep Learning-based Workflow for the Automated Focal Mechanism Determination in Italy
Core Problem: Manual focal-mechanism determination is slow and analyst-dependent for the small earthquakes that dominate regional Italian catalogues.
Key Innovation: A CNN polarity classifier trained on more than 450,000 waveforms is coupled with SKHASH; 96% polarity accuracy and a median 28.7° Kagan angle against 300 moment-tensor solutions support automated source characterization.
23. A Domain-Informed Optimization and Machine Learning Framework for Land Subsidence Susceptibility Mapping and Building Exposure Assessment: A Case Study of Tehran, Iran
Core Problem: Land-subsidence susceptibility maps rarely combine domain constraints with a direct estimate of exposed buildings.
Key Innovation: A domain-informed optimization and machine-learning workflow maps susceptibility and converts it into building-level exposure for Tehran.
24. amforte/elastic_fault_earthquake_and_landslide: EFEL v1.0.0
Core Problem: Landscape-evolution models need a reproducible way to couple elastic fault deformation, earthquake sequences and coseismic landsliding.
Key Innovation: EFEL v1.0 releases coupled Landlab components for interseismic deformation, variable fault geometries, earthquakes and landslide-driven landscape change.
25. Dataset for "Threshold-Controlled Energy Conversion Governs Landslide-Dam Sediment Cascades"
Core Problem: Landslide-dam sediment cascades cannot be tested reproducibly without event-scale data connecting thresholds, energy conversion and downstream transport.
Key Innovation: The open dataset preserves the evidence underlying a threshold-controlled energy-conversion model of landslide-dam sediment cascades.
26. The Role of Structural and Transient Compoundness in Advancing Compound Event Characterization
Core Problem: Compound-event metrics often conflate persistent dependence between hazards with short-lived coincidence during individual extremes.
Key Innovation: The framework separates structural from transient compoundness, clarifying which coupling is stable and which emerges only within an event window.
27. Extraction of Stable Empirical Green's Functions From Short‐Duration Ambient Noise Using a Physics‐Constrained Self‐Supervised Network
Core Problem: Short ambient-noise records and persistent directional sources destabilize empirical Green's function recovery and can introduce spurious arrivals.
Key Innovation: Physics-constrained self-supervision extracts stable empirical Green's functions from short noisy deployments that defeat conventional long stacking.
28. Optimizing Temperature Monitoring and Modeling for Evaluating Intervention Efficacy in River Levees
Core Problem: River levees are longitudinal and spatially heterogeneous, so sparse temperature observations cannot reliably reveal whether an intervention is working.
Key Innovation: Distributed temperature sensing and conventional sensors are field-tested together to evaluate seepage intervention performance in a river levee.
29. A PINN–GAN coupled model for physics-guided correction of SWAN significant wave height under typhoon-driven sea states
Core Problem: Third-generation spectral wave models retain systematic significant-wave-height bias during typhoon-driven extreme sea states.
Key Innovation: A PINN-GAN correction framework reduces systematic SWAN wave-height bias during extreme typhoon sea states.
30. Study on the Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Rock Glaciers in the Lenglongling Region of the Eastern Qilian Mountains
Core Problem: Incomplete rock-glacier inventories in the eastern Qilian Mountains limit regional inference about permafrost distribution and climate sensitivity.
Key Innovation: Inventory mapping relates rock-glacier distribution and movement controls to permafrost change and high-mountain geohazard management.
31. Sensor-Adaptive Cross-Temporal Difference Modulation for Building Damage Detection in Bi-Temporal Remote Sensing Imagery
Core Problem: Bi-temporal building-damage mapping can confuse real structural change with differences in sensor response, illumination and acquisition conditions.
Key Innovation: Sensor-adaptive cross-temporal modulation targets building-damage detection when pre- and post-event imagery come from different sensors.
32. InSAR-Based Prediction of Time-Series Displacements Using a New Physics-Informed Neural Network with Prior Parameter Inversion
Core Problem: InSAR displacement forecasts must extrapolate nonlinear motion while estimating physical parameters that are usually uncertain or unavailable beforehand.
Key Innovation: A physics-informed network uses prior parameter inversion to forecast InSAR displacement time series rather than treating deformation as a purely statistical sequence.
33. Influence of discontinuous gradation and surface morphology on the shear behavior of soil rock mixtures-bedrock interface
Core Problem: Soil-rock-mixture interface strength depends jointly on particle-size gaps and natural bedrock morphology, which conventional tests and constitutive models rarely represent together.
Key Innovation: Large direct-shear tests isolate how gradation and bedrock morphology govern the shear resistance of accumulation-slope interfaces.
34. Monitoring gully erosion in the Moldavian Plateau, Romania: advanced methods to safeguard cultural heritage
Core Problem: Active gullies threaten cultural-heritage sites in the Moldavian Plateau, but their changing geometry is difficult to monitor consistently at management-relevant resolution.
Key Innovation: An 81-year record combines repeat airborne and terrestrial laser scanning with geophysics to resolve three-dimensional gully change.
35. Deep subsurface architecture of the Hans Glacier forefield, Svalbard. Seismic evidence for permafrost degradation and groundwater pathways
Core Problem: While extensive research has focused on surface-level phenomena and active layer dynamics, a profound knowledge gap persists regarding deeper, stable cryotic structures and their role in landscape evolution.
Key Innovation: Seismic imaging reveals deep permafrost architecture and groundwater pathways in a rapidly deglaciating Svalbard forefield.
36. Seismic response of an offshore jacket-type HVSR station in liquefiable seabed using a modified SANISAND model
Core Problem: Seismic design of offshore electrical infrastructure can be unconservative when layered seabed liquefaction and soil-structure interaction are simplified.
Key Innovation: A modified SANISAND model resolves offshore-station response in a layered liquefiable seabed.
37. The Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 for Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk: A Global Landslide Risk Reduction Platform Without Time Limitation
Core Problem: International landslide programmes need continuity beyond project cycles if research, policy and implementation commitments are to survive changing institutions and climate risk.
Key Innovation: The Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 is defined as a time-unlimited global platform aligned with the Sendai Framework, Sustainable Development Goals and major scientific and United Nations partners.
38. Landslide Risk in the Sendai Era: Evaluating the Global Impact of the United Nations ISDR-ICL Partnerships
Core Problem: The global effect of the United Nations ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships has not been evaluated consistently across science, capacity building and risk-reduction practice.
Key Innovation: The chapter reviews partnership outcomes in the Sendai era and relates institutional activity to the continuing global landslide-risk agenda.
39. Developing Global Web Landslide Observatory to Support Sustainable Development and Landslide Risk Reduction
Core Problem: Global landslide intelligence remains fragmented across languages, news streams, scientific literature and policy documents.
Key Innovation: The chapter proposes a policy-aware web observatory that would use multilingual natural-language processing to extract, classify and map landslide events from dynamic public evidence; global operational validation remains future work.
40. Bridging Science and Practice: A Categorized Keyword Mapping of Landslide Research and Technology
Core Problem: Practitioners struggle to retrieve usable methods from a large, fragmented landslide literature whose terminology is not organized around operational needs.
Key Innovation: About 600 terms from the ICL series are organized into an interactive, human-refined AI keyword map that improves access to applied landslide knowledge.
41. Russian Research Trends in Landslide Science (Review of Russian Landslide Literature (2013–2023))
Core Problem: Russian-language landslide research remains weakly represented in international syntheses because of language and indexing barriers.
Key Innovation: A bibliometric review of 4,464 Russian-language publications reveals regional, topical and methodological structure that is absent from English-dominant syntheses.
42. ICL as a Framework for Mainstreaming Landslide Risk Reduction in Serbia
Core Problem: International landslide commitments do not automatically become sustained national capacity, institutional coordination or routine risk-reduction practice.
Key Innovation: Serbia's ICL programme shows how research, education, inventories and policy engagement can be maintained within a national institutional framework.
43. Event and Risk Scenarios: Essential Tools for Effective Management in Hydrogeological Events
Core Problem: Hydrogeological emergency plans are weakened when hazard, exposure and consequence are presented as static maps rather than event-specific scenarios.
Key Innovation: Event and risk scenarios are structured as decision tools that connect landslide and flood processes to emergency-management actions.
44. Kokomeren Summer School on Rockslides and Related Phenomena: The Most Longstanding IPL Project
Core Problem: Field-based landslide education programmes rarely sustain long-term international training and knowledge transfer beyond individual projects.
Key Innovation: Two decades of the Kokomeren field school preserve transferable observational knowledge of rockslides, rock avalanches, dams and neotectonics.
45. Practical Slope Protection Works with Drainage Function Against Shallow Mass Movements: Using Gabions and Pots
Core Problem: Shallow mass movements in Bhutan require slope protection that controls drainage while remaining locally constructible, maintainable and compatible with vegetation.
Key Innovation: Drainage-oriented gabion and permeable-pot systems provide practical bioengineering designs for shallow slope movements in resource-constrained settings.
46. Evacuation Behavior in the Absence of Ground Shaking: A Survey Report on the 2025 Kamchatka Far-Field Tsunami in Shingu City, Japan
Core Problem: Far-field tsunamis may arrive without felt ground shaking, removing a powerful natural cue for immediate evacuation.
Key Innovation: A survey of the 2025 Kamchatka far-field tsunami tests evacuation behaviour when the usual ground-shaking cue is absent.
47. Flood risk under sea-level rise and lessons on adaptation policies in coastal urban management: a case study in Hai Phong City, Vietnam
Core Problem: Sea-level rise and urban expansion are increasing flood exposure in Hai Phong while fragmented governance constrains adaptive capacity.
Key Innovation: Hai Phong scenarios connect sea-level-rise flood exposure with concrete lessons for urban adaptation policy.
48. How Long will the Mw ≥ 5 Aftershocks Continue Following the Mw 7.8 Philippines Earthquake of 7 June 2026?
Core Problem: This short research note applies established aftershock-decay statistics to the 7 June 2026 Mw 7.8 Philippines earthquake sequence.
Key Innovation: Sequence statistics estimate how long Mw 5 or larger aftershocks may persist after the June 2026 Philippines earthquake.
49. Influence of local gradual water depth variation on landslide-induced wave characteristics along reservoir banks
Core Problem: Gradually varying reservoir-bank water depth changes landslide-wave generation and propagation, but constant-depth formulations do not represent that geometry.
Key Innovation: Reservoir-bank simulations isolate how gradual local depth variation modifies landslide-induced wave propagation.
50. Landslide susceptibility mapping and model validation using AHP and GIS techniques: A case study of Jerash, Jordan
Core Problem: Landslides are a major geohazard in northern Jordan, especially in the Jerash region, where complicated geological characteristics, steep terrain, and increased human activity all contribute to slope instability.
Key Innovation: AHP-GIS susceptibility mapping is validated for the landslide-prone terrain of Jerash, Jordan.
51. Probabilistic Prediction and Monte Carlo Generation of Embankment-Dam Breach Parameters
Core Problem: Deterministic embankment-dam breach parameters conceal substantial uncertainty in breach size and formation time.
Key Innovation: A 125-event database and reproducible software generate conditional Monte Carlo breach width, side-slope and formation-time parameters.
52. Random forest based spatial modeling of landslide susceptibility and land use exposure for sustainable land management in rural area
Core Problem: Landslides pose a severe environmental and socioeconomic threat in mountainous regions, yet existing spatial risk assessments often isolate hazard prediction from actual land-use exposure.
Key Innovation: Random Forest susceptibility is coupled with land-use exposure to support rural landslide-risk management.
53. Seismic amplification site response on a deep-seated metamorphic slope in Southwest Japan
Core Problem: Deep-seated slopes can amplify earthquake shaking through site geometry and subsurface structure that generic ground-motion models do not resolve.
Key Innovation: Site-response analysis quantifies seismic amplification on a deep-seated metamorphic slope in southwest Japan.
54. Seismic dynamic response behavior and failure mechanism of low-angle reverse-inclined sand-mudstone interbedded rock slopes
Core Problem: The seismic failure mechanism of low-angle reverse-inclined layered slopes remains uncertain because bedding orientation and material contrast act together.
Key Innovation: Dynamic response and failure mechanisms are resolved for low-angle reverse-inclined sand-mudstone slopes.
55. SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS USING LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM AND FINITE ELEMENT METHODS: A CASE STUDY OF THE KHERRATA LANDSLIDE, ALGERIA
Core Problem: The Kherrata landslide requires a stability diagnosis that reconciles limit-equilibrium assumptions with stress-deformation behaviour before remediation decisions are made.
Key Innovation: Limit-equilibrium and finite-element results are compared for the Kherrata landslide in Algeria.
56. Testing Flood-Resilience Measures with Indices: Case Studies in Lower Kelani Basin, Sri Lanka, and Applicability to the Developing World
Core Problem: Developing a flood-resilience index is challenging due to the numerous uncertainties involved, but it is vital for assessing a region’s capacity to withstand floods.
Key Innovation: Flood-resilience indices are tested in Sri Lanka's Lower Kelani Basin with explicit attention to transfer in developing-world settings.
57. Three-Dimensional P- and S-Wave Local Earthquake Tomography of the Eastern Alborz, Northern Iran
Core Problem: The eastern Alborz is one of the most tectonically active regions of northern Iran, yet its crustal structure remains poorly constrained.
Key Innovation: Joint three-dimensional P- and S-wave tomography resolves crustal structure beneath the seismically active eastern Alborz.
58. From Resistivity to Hydraulic Properties: Calibrating a Groundwater Flow Model by Integrating Airborne Electromagnetic and Borehole Data Into a Probabilistic Multi‐Texture Framework
Core Problem: Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) surveys offer rapid, cost‐effective subsurface imaging, yet converting their electrical resistivity (ER) models into physically meaningful hydraulic property fields for groundwater models remains a challenge.
Key Innovation: Airborne electromagnetic and borehole data are converted probabilistically into hydraulic textures for groundwater-flow calibration.
59. Enhancing runoff-infiltration partitioning in the SVS land surface model improves streamflow simulations under frozen soil conditions
Core Problem: In land surface models, frozen soil infiltration is difficult to represent because soil structure and hydropedological processes vary at scales finer than the model grid.
Key Innovation: Operational runoff-infiltration partitioning is revised for frozen soils and tested across more than 580 stations.
60. A non-stationary trans-Gaussian model for daily rainfall over complex topography
Core Problem: However, most statistical models of daily rainfall assume spatial stationarity (i.e., the spatial homogeneity of rainfall statistics) and are therefore not well suited for studying the highly non-homogeneous characteristics of orographic rainfall.
Key Innovation: A non-stationary trans-Gaussian model represents rainfall frequency, intensity and spatial dependence over complex topography.
61. Self-Supervised Pre-Training Style Adaptation-Guided Remote Sensing Image Change Detection Network
Core Problem: Remote-sensing change detection loses reliability when cross-date style shifts obscure the comparatively small signal of real surface change.
Key Innovation: Self-supervised pre-training is paired with style adaptation to reduce cross-domain failure in bi-temporal change detection.
62. High-Resolution SMAP Soil Moisture in Agriculture: Capturing Field-Scale Variability in Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration in the San Luis Valley
Core Problem: Coarse satellite soil-moisture products cannot resolve field-scale irrigation and evapotranspiration variability in water-limited agricultural landscapes.
Key Innovation: High-resolution SMAP downscaling is evaluated against field-scale soil-moisture and evapotranspiration variability.
63. Shear Characteristics of Soil–Rock Interface Considering Interfacial Stress States and Natural Morphology
Core Problem: Soil-rock interface strength is difficult to estimate when laboratory surfaces and loading paths do not reproduce natural morphology and stress states.
Key Innovation: Micrometre-resolution shear tests on scanned natural pebble surfaces expose mesoscale interface-failure mechanisms.
64. Hybrid Numerical and Analytical Prediction of Land Settlement due to Pumping from Leaky Confined Aquifers
Core Problem: Assumptions commonly employed in studies of pumping in leaky confined aquifers—such as neglecting inter-aquifer leakage or simplifying partially pene
Key Innovation: A hybrid numerical-analytical model predicts settlement from leaky confined aquifers while retaining well and aquitard controls.
65. An integrated data-driven framework for subsurface geomechanical characterisation via tabular foundation model
Core Problem: Accurate characterisation of geomechanical conditions is essential for a diverse range of subsurface geological engineering applications, including resource extraction, geostorage, and geoenergy production.
Key Innovation: A tabular foundation model integrates heterogeneous subsurface observations for data-driven geomechanical characterization.
66. BayFuse-DSP: A Bayesian fusion framework for deployment scale prediction in aerial forest firefighting
Core Problem: Rapid and reliable estimation of aerial firefighting deployment scale is essential for improving forest fire response and reducing fire impacts, particularly when only limited fire-scene information is available during the early stage of a forest fire.
Key Innovation: Bayesian fusion represents uncertainty in deployment-scale prediction for aerial forest-fire suppression.
67. Assessing SWOT's capability for surface water extent mapping: An evaluation of Level-2 High-Rate Raster water fraction
Core Problem: SWOT's high-rate raster water fraction has not been sufficiently validated as a surface-water-extent observable for flood and inland-water mapping.
Key Innovation: Eight climate-diverse sites test the water-fraction reliability of SWOT's high-rate raster product.
68. Enhancements to the USGS Landsat Level 2 surface temperature and emissivity product for Collection 3 reprocessing
Core Problem: Residual emissivity and atmospheric errors in the Landsat Collection 2 temperature product limit cross-surface accuracy and uncertainty characterization.
Key Innovation: USGS Collection 3 improvements strengthen Landsat surface-temperature accuracy, emissivity and uncertainty characterization.
69. Morphology-guided cross-task coupling for joint building height and footprint estimation
Core Problem: Building-footprint and height estimates are often produced separately, weakening morphological consistency in urban exposure and disaster-risk datasets.
Key Innovation: Building footprints constrain height estimation through an explicit cross-task morphology relation relevant to disaster exposure models.
70. Hydrological switching mechanism: Converting steep cropland to pasture mitigates nutrient loss by altering runoff pathways
Core Problem: Understanding how land-use affects runoff-pathway partitioning is important for controlling sediment and nutrient export from steep agricultural slopes.
Key Innovation: Replicated plots show how converting steep cropland changes runoff pathways and sharply reduces sediment and nutrient export.
71. Extreme-value-theoretic approach for unbiased estimation of fracture volume density in rock masses under orientation bias
Core Problem: Reliable estimation of fracture volume density (P 30) is essential for rock mass characterization and engineering design, yet unbiased inference from two-dimensional (2D) fracture observations remains challenging due to orientation-dependent sampling bias and the absence of a directly observable volumetric measurement domain.
Key Innovation: Stereology and extreme-value theory correct orientation bias when inferring volumetric fracture density from 2D observations.
72. Introducing IQR–DEMO for precipitation network design optimization
Core Problem: Rain-gauge networks must balance information quality, spatial redundancy and monitoring cost under competing design objectives.
Key Innovation: IQR-DEMO optimizes rain-gauge placement against spatial information and redundancy.
73. A reduced-order phase-field cohesive model for hygro-thermo-mechanical desiccation cracking and interfacial debonding in layered soils
Core Problem: Desiccation cracking in thin layered soils is governed by multi-physical couplings of moisture transport, heat exchange, shrinkage deformation, tensile fracture, and interfacial slip.
Key Innovation: A reduced-order phase-field cohesive model couples moisture, heat, cracking and interface debonding in layered soils.
74. CPT-based two-dimensional soil stratification using non-stationary mixture of Gaussian processes
Core Problem: In geotechnical practice, the cone penetration test (CPT) is widely used for soil stratification; however, the large spacing between soundings makes it difficult to construct accurate two-dimensional (2D) subsurface cross-sections.
Key Innovation: A non-stationary Gaussian-process mixture maps two-dimensional soil strata from CPT data with spatial uncertainty.
75. Pore-scale mechanisms and physics-based prediction of soil-water characteristic curve hysteresis in unconsolidated soils using the Lattice Boltzmann Method
Core Problem: Accurate characterization of the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC) is fundamental to unsaturated soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, but remains challenged by the complex microscopic mechanisms governing hysteresis.
Key Innovation: Lattice Boltzmann simulation links pore geometry to soil-water retention hysteresis without conflating environmental controls.
76. A Rainfall-Only Hybrid LSTM-Random Forest Framework for Data-Driven Urban Flood-Risk Decision Support in Jakarta under Severe Class Imbalance
Core Problem: Purpose – Urban flood-risk screening in Jakarta requires prediction approaches that remain useful when complete hydrological and infrastructural flood data are not consistently available.
Key Innovation: A rainfall-only LSTM-Random Forest design explicitly addresses severe class imbalance for data-limited urban flood decision support.
77. Flood-induced displacement and resilience: the mediating role of coping strategies within the sustainable livelihood framework
Core Problem: Flood-induced displacement has become a critical challenge in disaster-prone areas particularly in low-income countries where communities depend entirely on the natural resources.
Key Innovation: A livelihood framework tests how coping strategies mediate the relationship between flood displacement and household resilience.
78. Integrating of land cover dynamics and projection for assessing drought vulnerability using frequency ratio and cellular automata in the Takkalasi Watershed
Core Problem: Land cover degradation from increasing anthropogenic pressure is a key driver of rising surface drought susceptibility in watersheds, yet the spatial relationship between land cover dynamics and drought susceptibility distribution remains understudied in an integrated framework.
Key Innovation: Land-cover trajectories, frequency-ratio susceptibility and cellular automata are integrated to project watershed drought vulnerability.
79. Parameter unidentifiability in Hoek–Brown calibration under sparse triaxial datasets: a bootstrap-based diagnostic framework
Core Problem: The Hoek–Brown criterion is widely used for rock-mass strength characterization; however, its material constant m i is often calibrated from limited triaxial datasets without formal uncertainty quantification.
Key Innovation: Bootstrap diagnostics expose when sparse triaxial data cannot uniquely identify Hoek-Brown parameters, preventing false confidence in rock-slope inputs.
80. Regionalizing Meteorological-to-Agricultural Drought Propagation for Agricultural Risk Management Using Event Metrics and Explainable Machine Learning
Core Problem: However, conventional regionalization frameworks remain largely static and fail to capture the dynamic propagation from meteorological forcing to agricultural impacts.
Key Innovation: Event metrics and explainable machine learning regionalize how meteorological drought propagates into agricultural drought.
81. Reconstructing Long‐Term Reservoir Storage in India Using Hydrological Modeling and Machine Learning
Core Problem: However, long‐term daily reservoir storage observations are available only from the year 2000 onwards.
Key Innovation: Hydrological simulations and machine learning reconstruct daily Indian reservoir storage before the observational era.
82. A transfer learning-based framework for scour detection around monopile-supported offshore wind turbines with limited data
Core Problem: The study proposes a transfer learning (TL) based anomaly detection framework for scour detection around monopile foundations supporting offshore wind turbines (OWTs).
Key Innovation: Transfer learning enables acceleration-based scour detection at new turbines from limited healthy target data.
83. RIME-X v1.0: combining simple climate models, Earth system models, and climate impact models into a unified statistical emulator for regional climate indicators
Core Problem: Many tasks in climate science, including climate impact assessment, scenario analysis, and end-to-end attribution, require efficient methods to translate a wide range of emissions scenarios into regional-scale climate indicators while explicitly accounting for uncertainty.
Key Innovation: RIME-X unifies simple climate, Earth-system and impact models in a statistical emulator for regional indicators.
84. Integrating reservoirs and lakes in the CoSWAT global hydrological model
Core Problem: Global water models are essential tools for assessing water resource challenges in the context of climate change, land use changes, and human activities.
Key Innovation: Reservoirs and lakes are represented explicitly in CoSWAT to correct a major omission in global basin simulation.
85. MErSiM v1.0: resolving biases in global silicate weathering model with a data-driven surface erosion module
Core Problem: The study demonstrates that this discrepancy partially originates from a poorly constrained erosion submodule.
Key Innovation: A machine-learned module trained on roughly 4,000 cosmogenic erosion rates removes a major bias in global silicate-weathering models.
86. Geographically Constrained Transformer for Spatiotemporal Reconstruction of 2 m NDVI in Complex Coastal Landscapes
Core Problem: The results reveal the reliability of integrating geographic constraints with multi-scale Transformer reconstruction to improve the fidelity and structural consistency of NDVI data.
Key Innovation: Geographic constraints guide transformer reconstruction of 2 m NDVI through cloud gaps and heterogeneous coastal landscapes.
87. Spatial and seasonal asymmetries in temperature and precipitation changes across the tropics and subtropics
Core Problem: Quantifying seasonally varying changes in temperature and precipitation is crucial for understanding the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of climate change.
Key Innovation: ERA5 analysis separates shifts in the mean, variance and skewness of tropical and subtropical temperature and precipitation.
88. Laboratory simulation of the ground desiccation network cracks and comparison with field patterns
Core Problem: The network cracking phenomenon in clay soils due to desiccation is considered one of the important challenges of geotechnical and geological engineering.
Key Innovation: Laboratory crack networks are compared with field patterns to identify material controls on ground desiccation.
89. Mechanical response and failure mechanisms of sandstone under water–rock interaction: a multi-scale study and constitutive modeling
Core Problem: As coal mining extends to greater depths, evaluating the deformation and failure of surrounding tunnel rock under coupled seepage–stress conditions r
Key Innovation: Coupled seepage tests and multiscale observations link water pressure to sandstone strength, permeability and failure evolution.
90. Experimental Study on Mechanical Behavior, Permeability Evolution, and Failure Mechanism of Sandstone Under Hydro–Mechanical Coupling
Core Problem: Sandstone in deep water-bearing strata is a key geological medium in water-rich underground engineering, where hydro–mechanical (H–M) coupling
Key Innovation: Triaxial seepage tests quantify how pore pressure controls sandstone strength, permeability and instability.
91. Mechanistic Investigation of Fractured Mudstone Failure Utilizing In-Situ 4D-CT Imaging and Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) Techniques
Core Problem: The presence of fractures in rock masses significantly impacts engineering safety, making it crucial to elucidate the failure mechanisms of fractured rock
Key Innovation: In-situ 4D CT and digital volume correlation resolve crack initiation and coalescence in fractured mudstone during loading.
92. Fundamental Interplay of Contact and Damage Mechanics During Tensile Fracture of Geomaterials
Core Problem: Modeling fracture in geomaterials like rocks having distinct strength and stiffness is complex due to their unique occurrence of crack branching, coalescen
Key Innovation: A coupled peridynamics-discrete-element framework represents the contact-fracture interactions that drive branching and coalescence.
93. Hardening-Damage Competing Coupled Rock Creep Model
Core Problem: Long-term creep deformation of deep rock masses is a critical factor controlling the long-term stability of deep geotechnical engineering.
Key Innovation: Competing hardening and damage laws reproduce the accelerated creep stage that conventional rock models often miss.
94. Desiccation Cracking and Direct Tensile Strength of Compacted Expansive Bentonite Clay: Experimental Investigation and Predictive Modeling
Core Problem: Tensile failure and desiccation cracking critically undermine the long-term performance of geotechnical infrastructures built on expansive bentonite clays,
Key Innovation: Experiments and compact predictive models jointly estimate desiccation crack ratio and tensile strength in bentonite.
95. Potash roof stability assessment for mine safety monitoring using acoustic impacts with deep learning
Core Problem: Conventional geotechnical monitoring approach is limited in capturing nonlinear and transient failure precursors under complex and noisy underground mine conditions.
Key Innovation: Acoustic impacts and deep learning are combined for continuous potash-roof stability assessment.
96. Probability of misclassification-based active learning surrogate model for estimating response probability distributions
Core Problem: Accurate uncertainty quantification in structural engineering often requires estimating the full response distribution including both the cumulative distribution function (CDF) and the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF), rather than a single failure probability.
Key Innovation: Misclassification probability drives active sampling for efficient estimation of full response-probability distributions.
97. Preserving forecast accuracy with reduced ensemble size: A framework for optimal ensemble selection
Core Problem: The utilization of Ensemble Prediction Systems (EPS) from multiple Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models for hydro-meteorological analyses, can significantly increase computational requirements.
Key Innovation: Optimal member selection preserves forecast accuracy while reducing ensemble size and computational cost.
98. Pore-scale framework for simulating freezing and thawing of saturated granular soils
Core Problem: Pore-scale freezing and thawing models rarely couple phase change, fluid redistribution and grain-scale mechanics within one granular-soil framework.
Key Innovation: A pore-scale framework simulates freezing and thawing in saturated granular soils.
99. A coupled material point and finite volume method for geomechanics
Core Problem: Numerical simulations of very large-strain solid mechanics problems are challenging for mesh-based continuum schemes as a result of mesh distortion.
Key Innovation: A coupled material-point and finite-volume method handles dynamic fluid-solid geomechanical deformation.
100. Analytical Solution for Negative Skin Friction of Pile Foundations Induced by Seismic Loess Subsidence
Core Problem: However, existing studies have primarily focused on immersion-induced collapsibility, while the effects of seismically induced loess subsidence remain insufficiently understood and inadequately represented in current analytical models.
Key Innovation: An analytical solution links seismic loess collapse to negative skin friction on pile foundations.
101. Application of modern-day monitoring methods for monitoring slope stability in Open Cast Mines- A Future Prospective.
Core Problem: Slope stability is one of the most important and delicate problems in civil engineering, particularly encountered in large and important projects such as dams, highways, tunnels and open cast mines.
Key Innovation: Modern sensing options for open-cast mine slopes are reviewed from the perspective of instability monitoring and warning.
102. Literature Review of Hybrid Neural–Physics Flood-Relevant Streamflow Forecasting with Cross-Event and Cross-Basin Generalization
Core Problem: Reliable flood-relevant streamflow forecasting remains difficult at operational scale because physically based forecasting systems provide national coverage but cannot be directly verified at the overwhelming majority of ungauged river reaches.
Key Innovation: Hybrid neural-physics streamflow forecasting is assessed through the harder tests of cross-event and cross-basin generalization.
103. Transforming Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction in Ecuador (Phase I): Curriculum-Based Capacity Development and Institutionalization
Core Problem: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction calls for inclusive and people-centered approaches, yet significant gaps persist between normative commitments and their realization in everyday governance.
Key Innovation: Phase I documents curriculum-based capacity building and institutionalization for inclusive disaster-risk reduction in Ecuador.
104. Transforming Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction in Ecuador (Phase II): From Institutionalization to Standardized Governance Through SOP Co-Production
Core Problem: Disability mainstreaming in disaster risk reduction (DRR) is widely endorsed in international policy frameworks, yet operationalization at the local level remains challenging.
Key Innovation: Phase II moves from institutional uptake to standardized governance through collaboratively produced SOPs.
105. Refining Estimates of Vegetation Water Storage From SMAP L-Band VOD Using GEDI Canopy Height Observations
Core Problem: While b-parameters are well studied for grasslands and croplands, they remain uncertain in forests, where spatially extensive reference VWS observations have been unavailable at radiometer resolutions.
Key Innovation: GEDI canopy height constrains the uncertain conversion from SMAP L-band vegetation optical depth to forest water storage.
106. Water security assessment of a semi-arid watershed in the southern Arabian Peninsula under climate variability and land use change
Core Problem: Climate variability and land-use change jointly alter water security in a transboundary semi-arid watershed, but their contributions are difficult to separate.
Key Innovation: SWAT simulations separate climate and land-use controls on blue- and green-water security in a transboundary semi-arid watershed.
107. Progressive failure of a circular excavation drilled through faulted clay shale — Experimental setup, rock mass structures and damage evolution at excavation boundary
Core Problem: Progressive excavation damage in faulted clay shale is difficult to predict because explicit rock-mass structure and evolving boundary failure interact.
Key Innovation: A controlled circular excavation through faulted clay shale maps boundary damage and progressive failure against explicit rock-mass structure.
108. The role of numeracy and personal experience in emergency management decision-making
Core Problem: Emergency managers must issue orders for protective actions under uncertainty, high stakes, and time pressure.
Key Innovation: Experiments test how numeracy and prior experience alter emergency-management judgments under uncertainty.
109. Higher-order social networks and order transitions in evacuation: A hypergraph emotion–motion framework
Core Problem: Conventional crowd models under-represent nonlinear interactions within social subgroups, obscuring collective transitions from ordered movement to panic.
Key Innovation: A hypergraph emotion-motion model represents higher-order social interactions and phase transitions during evacuation.
110. Normalization of Sentinel 2 data over tropical forests to nadir BRDF adjusted reflectance
Core Problem: Accurate surface reflectance retrieval in tropical forests remains challenging due to strong directional reflectance effects (BRDF) and limited observation opportunities caused by persistent cloud cover.
Key Innovation: A physically based Sentinel-2 BRDF correction is calibrated and independently tested over persistently cloudy tropical forests.
111. Divergent ecohydrological impacts of agricultural and urban expansions across global drylands
Core Problem: Global drylands face compounding threats from climate change and rapid human expansion, yet satellite observations paradoxically show widespread vegetation greening.
Key Innovation: Multi-source Earth observations across 8,507 basins separate local and spillover water impacts of agricultural and urban expansion.
112. Soil bidirectional reflectance characteristics and applications in quantitative soil property retrieval: A systematic review
Core Problem: Directional soil reflectance complicates quantitative retrieval of moisture, organic matter, roughness and aggregate properties from multi-angle observations.
Key Innovation: A 3,248-paper synthesis organizes bidirectional-reflectance models and multi-angle retrieval limits for quantitative soil mapping.
113. Evaluation of an equivalent frame modelling strategy using settlement test data on half-scale masonry buildings
Core Problem: Rapid models of settlement-induced masonry damage require validation against controlled evidence of displacement, strain and crack development.
Key Innovation: Half-scale masonry settlement tests validate an equivalent-frame model for tunnelling-induced damage.
114. Identification of spatiotemporal sensitivity of karst spring discharge to precipitation and evaporation: an LSTM–Transformer Decoder framework
Core Problem: Karst spring forecasts often obscure how precipitation and evaporation controls vary across space, lag time and forcing magnitude.
Key Innovation: An LSTM-Transformer decoder identifies how precipitation and evaporation controls on spring discharge vary through time.
115. Decoupling geogenic and anthropogenic drivers of groundwater natural background levels using machine learning and high-resolution maps
Core Problem: Accurate determination of natural background levels (NBLs) of groundwater hydrochemistry is critical for setting water quality standards, yet traditional approaches often fail to capture spatial heterogeneity, particularly in large-scale regions with uneven monitoring networks and human activities.
Key Innovation: Machine learning and high-resolution covariates separate geogenic from anthropogenic controls on groundwater background levels.
116. Wave propagation characteristics in viscoelastic saturated frozen soil under thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling
Core Problem: Frozen-soil wave models that omit solid-skeleton viscosity and thermal coupling can misrepresent phase velocity and attenuation.
Key Innovation: Thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling is retained in wave propagation through viscoelastic saturated frozen soil.
117. Dynamic monitoring of liquid–gas migration in underground reservoirs using distributed fiber optic strain sensing and X-ray computed tomography
Core Problem: Distributed fiber optic strain sensing (DFOSS) enables continuous, high-resolution measurements of reservoir deformation and offers a pathway to infer fluid migration; however, practical application is hindered by the lack of robust analytical methods for tracking the displacement front.
Key Innovation: Distributed fibre-optic strain sensing is validated against CT for tracking liquid-gas fronts in geological storage media.
118. Numerical simulation on water migration in compacted loess subgrade under extreme rainfall conditions
Core Problem: Loess has the characteristics of water sensitivity and weak cementation, and is prone to disasters such as roadbed instability and landslides under extreme rainfall.
Key Innovation: Coupled numerical experiments trace water migration through compacted loess subgrade under extreme rainfall.
119. Spatiotemporal dynamics of land cover before, during, and after the earthquake, using Sentinel-2 imagery and random forest classification
Core Problem: Earthquake land-cover assessments rarely compare pre-event, event-year and recovery states with one consistent regional classification workflow.
Key Innovation: Sentinel-2 and Random Forest track land-cover states before, during and after an earthquake.