TerraMosaic Daily Digest: September 7, 2026
Daily Summary
A multi-layer reconstruction of the 2023 Mw 6.8 Al Haouz earthquake connects hazard mapping directly to emergency consequences. Radar and optical observations guided field reconnaissance, yielding an inventory of 2,671 earthquake-induced landslides and 455 building assessments in the High Atlas. The landslides were not unusually numerous for the event magnitude, but their concentration along mountain roads amplified isolation and response constraints; building performance was governed more by construction quality and detailing than by nominal structural type. Two regional studies address the complementary problem of making susceptibility models physically and interpretively usable. In eThekwini, four geotechnical-hydrogeological zones convert terrain classes into shear-strength and permeability parameters, with more than 82% of 819 mapped failures falling in two low-strength zones. In Jiangxi, a GeoDetector-SHAP framework reconciles spatial explanatory power, model attribution and factor interaction rather than treating explanation as a single ranking.
Observation and modelling are converging on the transitions that conventional hazard workflows split apart. A new Ocean Engineering study formulates dam overtopping as the consequence of landslide-generated impulse waves, while a unified nodal-integration finite-element method explicitly joins pre-failure slope stability to post-failure large deformation. A companion framework formalizes a multi-scale view of landslide evolution. In cold mountains, multi-year InSAR, borehole stratigraphy and temperature separate the persistent ice-rich body of the Baishuigou rock glacier from a more degraded, mobile front; field-laboratory piezometry further distinguishes liquid-water signals from phase-change effects in ice-bearing permafrost. Together these studies shift attention from isolated indicators toward process continuity and observation-aware interpretation.
The broader geohazard literature expands both reusable evidence and decision constraints. Surface-wave tomography images the Main Himalayan Thrust as a low-velocity flat-ramp system with possible central segmentation, while a 360,000 km² Sentinel-1 velocity field resolves millimetre-scale Balkan deformation with minimal GNSS anchoring. Ground-motion cycle-count products derived from more than 275,000 acceleration series preserve methodological choices relevant to liquefaction and fatigue. SAGE supplies area-elevation-volume relationships for 7,250 reservoirs and reduces tested storage errors by more than 20% relative to other global products. Elsewhere, physics-regularized radar nowcasting, open-data tsunami screening, wildfire-aware powerline planning and multi-role visual agents show a common methodological turn: operational value now depends on exposing uncertainty, retaining physical constraints and connecting predictions to the decisions they are meant to support.
Key Trends
The day's work moves geohazard analysis from isolated maps and factors toward linked process, observation and decision systems.
- Reconnaissance is becoming multi-layer and consequence-aware: The Al Haouz framework interprets landslides, road access, buildings and heritage within one geospatial evidence base. Flood-exposure and tsunami-screening studies likewise connect hazard fields to community and infrastructure consequences rather than stopping at physical intensity.
- Susceptibility models are being constrained by mechanism and explanation: eThekwini zonation supplies model-ready strength and permeability parameters, while GeoDetector-SHAP separates spatial association, predictive contribution and factor interaction. Yarlung Zangbo detection work addresses the different error structures of rapid object detection and precise boundary segmentation.
- Models increasingly span initiation, motion and cascading impact: Landslide-wave overtopping, unified stability-to-runout finite elements and a multi-scale landslide-evolution framework all target transitions that are usually modelled independently. Fluid-saturated seismic interaction work applies the same principle by resolving numerical pathology at the coupled-equation level.
- Subsurface state is being recovered through complementary observations: InSAR is paired with borehole structure and temperature to interpret rock-glacier motion, while laboratory-calibrated piezometry separates water flow from phase-change effects. Himalayan tomography and Balkan-scale InSAR similarly combine observation scales to expose tectonic structure and slow deformation.
- Reusable datasets retain methodological uncertainty: Ground-motion cycle counts preserve duration and counting-method alternatives, and global reservoir hypsometry is validated against in situ curves and storage dynamics. This design makes the data useful for downstream uncertainty analysis rather than presenting a single processed representation as definitive.
Selected Papers
The September 7 collection is led by an earthquake reconnaissance that connects 2,671 landslides with road disruption and building damage, followed by direct advances in landslide-wave overtopping, explainable susceptibility mapping, parameter-ready slope zonation, deep-learning inventory production and unified stability-to-large-deformation analysis. The wider set links rock-glacier hydrology, seismic structure and loading, flood and tsunami risk, geological-hazard monitoring, coupled soil-rock mechanics, remote-sensing calibration and infrastructure resilience. Across these domains, the central methodological problem is preserving the physical and observational connections between initiating processes, evolving damage and downstream decisions.
1. The 2023 Mw 6.8 Al Haouz, Morocco Earthquake: A Multi-Layer Reconnaissance Framework for the Remote Sensing and Field Assessment of Landslides, Building and Heritage Damage, and Road Access Disruption in the High Atlas Region
Core Problem: Data-scarce mountain earthquakes require a common evidential frame linking slope failures, structural damage, heritage loss and emergency access.
Key Innovation: Combines radar and optical targeting with field reconnaissance, mapping 2,671 landslides and assessing 455 buildings within one geospatial framework that exposes how landslides constrained road access and response.
2. Numerical investigation of dam overtopping induced by landslide-generated impulse waves
Core Problem: Dam-safety assessment must connect landslide entry, impulse-wave propagation and overtopping rather than treating these stages separately.
Key Innovation: The verified title and publisher record establish a numerical analysis of the coupled landslide-wave-overtopping chain; the accessible record does not expose the article abstract or quantitative results.
3. A GeoDetector-SHAP coupled explainable machine learning framework for landslide susceptibility mapping
Core Problem: Susceptibility models can rank terrain accurately while leaving spatial controls, model attribution and factor interaction disconnected.
Key Innovation: Couples GeoDetector with SHAP across 156 damaging landslides, 468 non-landslide samples and nine factors, jointly identifying road proximity, elevation and lithology as leading controls in the Jiangxi case.
4. A Geotechnical-Hydrogeological Property Zonation Approach for Landslide Hazard Modelling in the eThekwini Metropolitan Region, Eastern South Africa
Core Problem: Physically based urban slope models need spatially defensible shear-strength and permeability parameters rather than uniform regional assumptions.
Key Innovation: Converts lithology, slope and landform into four model-ready parameter zones; more than 82% of 819 mapped failures occur in two low-strength zones suited to subsequent transient-infiltration modelling.
5. Landslide Identification Based on Diverse Remote-Sensing Datasets and Improved Deep Learning Models
Core Problem: Complex backgrounds, blurred margins and class imbalance limit both rapid landslide detection and boundary segmentation.
Key Innovation: Adds CBAM to YOLOv8 and focal loss to DeepLabV3+, improving recall and edge recovery on heterogeneous optical imagery from the Yarlung Zangbo Great Bend while retaining operationally useful speed.
6. A unified nodal-integration based finite element method for slope stability and post-failure large deformation analysis and its application to soil-rock mixture slopes
Core Problem: Conventional workflows often separate stability assessment from the large-deformation stage that controls post-failure consequences.
Key Innovation: Crossref verifies a unified nodal-integration finite-element treatment spanning stability and post-failure deformation in soil-rock mixture slopes; the feed supplied an unrelated abstract, so no unverified results are asserted.
7. Multi-scale framework for landslide evolution
Core Problem: Landslide observation and modelling remain fragmented across spatial, temporal and process scales.
Key Innovation: The version-of-record metadata confirms a dedicated multi-scale framework for landslide evolution; the publisher record does not yet expose an abstract, so its internal taxonomy and conclusions are not inferred.
8. Multiscale Surface Wave Tomography of the Bhutan Himalaya: MHT Imaging and Evidence of Crustal Tear of the MHT Below Central Bhutan
Core Problem: Sparse observations leave the geometry and along-strike continuity of the Main Himalayan Thrust beneath Bhutan poorly constrained.
Key Innovation: Combines ambient-noise and teleseismic dispersion to image a low-velocity flat-ramp structure to about 50 km depth and identifies a central disruption consistent with possible thrust tearing or segmentation.
9. Present-Day Kinematics of Continental Greece and Balkans Revealed by Sentinel-1 InSAR Data
Core Problem: Millimetre-scale Balkan deformation is difficult to resolve with sparse GNSS alone across multiple active tectonic domains.
Key Innovation: Produces a 360,000 km² InSAR velocity field tied to ITRF14 with sub-millimetre-per-year agreement to GNSS, resolving extension, broad dextral shear and compression across western Balkan structures.
10. Assessing Wildfire Hazard for Powerline Expansion Under the Changing Climates in Alberta, Canada
Core Problem: Powerline expansion requires spatial planning against future compound hot, dry and windy conditions that increase escaped-fire probability.
Key Innovation: Links predictive fire models with CMIP6 forcing, projecting 8-15 additional high-risk days annually by late century and identifying the limited landscape fraction that remains consistently low hazard.
11. A New Global Hypsometric Data Set Derived From Satellite and Geometric Methods for Reservoir Storage Estimation
Core Problem: Satellite storage estimates remain sensitive to inconsistent area-elevation-volume relationships across reservoirs.
Key Innovation: SAGE generates hypsometry for 7,250 reservoirs and validation against in situ data shows median errors below competing global products, reducing storage-estimation error by more than 20% in the tested sample.
12. Earthquake Ground Motion Cycle Count Datasets
Core Problem: Hazard models lack consistent cycle-count representations across ground-motion databases, duration definitions and counting methods.
Key Innovation: Applies four cycle-count methods to more than 275,000 NGA-West2 and NGA-Sub acceleration series and releases raw and binned datasets that preserve method and duration choices for epistemic-uncertainty analysis.
13. Brief communication: Keeping pace with human factors in avalanche decision-making - an update to the NHESS scoping review (2023-2026)
Core Problem: Safety training alone does not prevent recreational avalanche incidents, yet recent evidence on field decisions is unevenly developed.
Key Innovation: Synthesizes 35 studies from 2023-2026, finding growth in decision-strategy research but a notable absence of cognitive-bias studies and arguing for causal designs and field-based education.
14. Future flood exposure of flatland and mountainous rivers in Sri Lanka - case study of the Gin and Nilwala River Basins
Core Problem: Flood exposure projections must distinguish mountainous and flatland basin responses while accounting for both climate and land-use change.
Key Innovation: Couples RRI inundation modelling with GCM ensembles and land-use projections, finding strong model-dependent expansion of inundation and an approximately 280% rise in downstream urban exposure in both Sri Lankan basins.
15. Spatiotemporal Displacement and Frozen-Ground Conditions of the Baishuigou Rock Glacier Revealed by InSAR and In Situ Observations
Core Problem: Surface velocity alone cannot distinguish the frozen-ground states producing heterogeneous rock-glacier deformation.
Key Innovation: Links multi-year InSAR displacement to borehole stratigraphy and temperature, resolving an upstream ice-rich body, a more mobile degraded front and a thermally dominated relict sector.
16. Disasters resulting from the coupling effect of high temperature and high stress in deep mines: prevention and control measures
Core Problem: Mining below one kilometre intensifies interacting geothermal and stress hazards that are usually managed in separate control frameworks.
Key Innovation: Organizes passive and active cooling, monitoring, energy-absorbing support and cemented backfill into a coordinated framework for high-temperature-high-stress mine safety.
17. High-porosity vegetated concrete with dredged silt for sustainable slope protection: mechanical properties and anti-scouring performance evaluation
Core Problem: Eco-revetments must reconcile load capacity, permeability, vegetation establishment and scour resistance.
Key Innovation: Uses dredged silt as an alkali-reducing substrate in high-porosity concrete, lowering pH while increasing strength and reducing erosion by 78.1% relative to bare soil at 1.0 m/s flow.
18. Research on the Static Mechanical Properties and Energy Absorbing Mechanism of a Novel Buffering Constant-Resistance Large-Deformation Anchor Cable
Core Problem: Conventional anchors lack the deformation accommodation and energy absorption needed for large seismic slope movements.
Key Innovation: Integrates constant-resistance sliding with spring or hydraulic buffering, producing a two-stage dissipation mechanism and substantially higher absorbed energy than the conventional device tested.
19. Vertical karst zonation of Maokou Formation limestone and the control on coal seam floor water inrush in southwestern China: Insights from microscopic characterization and KDI model
Core Problem: Coal-floor water-inrush assessment requires linking vertical karst heterogeneity to hydraulic connectivity and failure potential.
Key Innovation: The verified record combines microscopic characterization with a KDI model to examine Maokou limestone zonation and water-inrush control; quantitative findings were not exposed.
20. Quantifying the effect of crack on adjacent soil hydro-mechanical response upon water infiltration
Core Problem: Cracks redirect infiltration and alter the coupled hydraulic and mechanical response of adjacent soil, but that perturbation is difficult to quantify.
Key Innovation: The version-of-record metadata confirms a focused quantification of crack effects on nearby soil during infiltration; the accessible record does not yet expose methods or results.
21. Dense geophysical measurements to assess 1D Vs profile of a liquefiable site in the Po Plain (Italy)
Core Problem: Reliable liquefaction assessment depends on resolving the one-dimensional shear-wave velocity profile at sites with strong near-surface heterogeneity.
Key Innovation: The verified record applies dense geophysical measurements to a liquefiable Po Plain site; detailed inversion design and uncertainty are not asserted without an accessible abstract.
22. Community-Level Tsunami Risk Hotspot Screening in the Caribbean Basin Using Composite Ranking Indices and Open Data
Core Problem: Caribbean risk reduction needs comparable community-scale screening where detailed local hazard studies are unevenly available.
Key Innovation: The verified title establishes an open-data, composite-index workflow for community hotspot prioritization; index construction and validation details were not exposed.
23. Lightweight segmentation of rock-mass cracks based on anisotropic feature modeling for geological hazard monitoring
Core Problem: Operational crack monitoring requires boundary-sensitive segmentation that can run under constrained computing budgets.
Key Innovation: The version-of-record metadata confirms anisotropic feature modelling for lightweight rock-mass crack segmentation; architecture and benchmark gains are not inferred from the title alone.
24. Porewater pressure measurements in ice-bearing mountain permafrost
Core Problem: Piezometric signals in ice-bearing ground conflate liquid-water movement, phase change and instrument-temperature effects.
Key Innovation: Combines continuous borehole pressure, barometric and temperature records with controlled laboratory experiments to distinguish hydrological regimes in a changing rock glacier.
25. A novel methodology to resolve solution instability and dimensional inconsistency in existing fluid-saturated soil-structure interaction equations under multi-support seismic excitations
Core Problem: Conventional multi-support FSSI equations can be rank-deficient, dimensionally inconsistent and unstable in low-permeability media.
Key Innovation: Introduces an equivalent symmetric regularization and unified single-phase representation, eliminating singularity and tracing spurious oscillations to their mathematical source.
26. Physics-data-driven forward prediction and settlement-informed diagnosis of gushing-induced ground disturbance around shield tunnels
Core Problem: Water or soil gushing can generate distributed ground disturbance whose forward evolution and observed settlement are rarely interpreted in one framework.
Key Innovation: The verified record links physics-data forward prediction with settlement-informed diagnosis; model structure and field performance are not asserted without an abstract.
27. Impact of compaction-induced stress path hysteresis on fault stability during CO₂ storage
Core Problem: Compaction history can leave stress-path hysteresis that changes fault stability during subsurface injection and storage.
Key Innovation: The version-of-record metadata confirms a study of hysteretic compaction effects on fault stability; constitutive assumptions and numerical results were not exposed.
28. Influences of drainage and stress paths on the anisotropic strength of root-reinforced loess soil
Core Problem: Root reinforcement depends on drainage and loading direction, complicating transfer of scalar strength gains into slope models.
Key Innovation: The verified record explicitly tests drainage and stress-path controls on anisotropic root-reinforced loess strength; quantitative effects are not inferred without the abstract.
29. From Lumped to Spatially Distributed Hydrologic Modeling: A Data-Driven Framework Evaluated Across North American Catchments
Core Problem: Data-driven rainfall-runoff models have advanced rapidly, yet the majority of large-scale applications still rely on lumped inputs that smooth out spatial variability in precipitation, temperature, and landscape properties.
Key Innovation: This simplification can introduce substantial biases in flood peaks, hydrograph timing, and water balance estimates. The T2S approach consistently achieves the best performance, increasing median Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) from 0.60 (lumped baseline) to 0.65 and Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) from 0.63 to 0.69, with NSE improvements observed in 75.4% of catchments.
30. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) for Monitoring Seasonal Snow
Core Problem: Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) offers a potential pathway for measuring seasonal snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow depth at spatial and temporal scales needed for basin-scale hydrology.
Key Innovation: First proposed for seasonal snow more than 25 years ago, InSAR uses repeat-pass radar phase differences to estimate changes in SWE or depth caused by microwave propagation through snow. This review synthesizes InSAR-based snow monitoring from early theoretical and satellite demonstrations through recent tower, airborne, and spaceborne studies.
31. Influence of earthquake frequency content on the hydrodynamic response of flexible liquid storage tanks using a coupled finite element approach
Core Problem: However, many such critical structures are located in coastal areas with soft soils, thus, the seismic performance of the superstructure may be notably different compared to stiff soil conditions.
Key Innovation: As it is also observed in the case of ordinary structures, the ground motion transmitted to the superstructure can be amplified (or even de-amplified) due to the presence of the underlying soil layer(s), modifying in parallel the resonant period and the effective damping of structures. Therefore, ignoring soil-structure interaction may lead to unrealistic results.
32. Towards a global actual evapotranspiration product for the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service
Core Problem: We present the design of an actual evapotranspiration product which joined the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service portfolio in December 2025.
Key Innovation: We present the design of an actual evapotranspiration product which joined the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service portfolio in December 2025. A prototype dataset was compared against measurements from 206 geographically distributed stations, achieving good results.
33. Spectral analysis of groundwater level time series for robust estimation of aquifer response times
Core Problem: Groundwater is vital but increasingly stressed by climate change and rising water demand.
Key Innovation: This study estimates how quickly aquifers respond to changes in recharge using a signal-analysis method.
34. Hydrochemistry and modeling nitrate concentration in farmland groundwater under different hydrological seasons by integrating hybrid quantum-classical ML, virtual sample generation and AlphaEarth Foundation
Core Problem: Nitrate from farms and villages often seeps into groundwater, threatening water safety.
Key Innovation: We studied a farming area in northern China across dry, wet, and normal seasons to track and predict nitrate. This helps officials find pollution hotspots cheaply and protect rural water.
35. Technical note: HydroModPy (v1.0) - a Python toolbox for deploying catchment-scale shallow groundwater models
Core Problem: HydroModPy was developed to make it easier and faster to deploy groundwater models across multiple catchments.
Key Innovation: Although such models are widely used, setting them up often requires significant time and expertise.
36. Nepal disaster is a wake-up call to take compound climate risks seriously
Core Problem: Nature, Published online: 08 September 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-02794-w Nepal disaster is a wake-up call to take compound climate risks seriously
Key Innovation: Nature, Published online: 08 September 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-02794-w Nepal disaster is a wake-up call to take compound climate risks seriously
37. ContextFireAgent: A Multi-Role Consensus Agent for RGB Wildfire Monitoring
Core Problem: Haze, glare and refraction artifacts generate false alarms and missed detections in RGB wildfire monitoring.
Key Innovation: Combines independent visual assessors with uncertainty-triggered YOLO tool use and a final reviewer, while explicitly avoiding causal claims from non-equivalent model comparisons.
38. Multi source data integration method for tunnel seepage field analysis in karst strata
Core Problem: Reliable inflow prediction and groundwater protection demand quantifying the spatiotemporal evolution of karst seepage fields, but this is hampered by strong heterogeneity, seepage-dominant structures, scale effects, sparse data, and uncertain river or watershed boundaries.
Key Innovation: To address these challenges, this study develops a regional-scale workflow that integrates generalized coupled Markov chain-based stratigraphic reconstruction, an anisotropic MODFLOW model, and a calibrated head-dependent DRAIN boundary. Results show that regional heads mirror topographic relief and the drainage network.
39. High Accuracy In Situ Mechanical Parameter Inversion for Deep Reservoir Rocks: Integrating Deep Learning and Geostatistics
Core Problem: As global oil and gas exploration advances into deep-sea and deep-earth reservoirs, the precise prediction of in situ rock mechanical parameters at depth has become a critical challenge for development optimization.
Key Innovation: This paper proposes an integrated framework for predicting in situ mechanical parameters, combining multi-scale experiments, numerical simulations, deep learning, and spatial interpolation algorithms. A Oliver-Pharr theory-constrained deep neural network establishes a single-point indentation FEM-DNN inversion model, achieving an accuracy of up to 97.19% in elastic modulus prediction.
40. Experimental Investigation on Frictional Strength, Stability, and Healing of Xujiahe Formation Shale Faults, Sichuan Basin
Core Problem: Understanding the frictional behavior of Xujiahe shale faults is essential for safe field development, yet systematic experimental data remain scarce.
Key Innovation: In this study, shale gouge from the third member of the Xujiahe Formation (Zhongba Gas Field) was tested under double direct shear configuration through velocity-stepping (VS) and slide-hold-slide (SHS) experiments at normal stresses of 1-4 MPa and shear velocities of 1-36 μm/s. The VS results show that the friction coefficient (μ) decreases with increasing normal stress due to enhanced compaction, but μ reflects frictional.
41. A Quantitative Framework for Representative 3D Roughness Characterization of Rock Discontinuities Across Scales
Core Problem: Photogrammetry (including UAV surveys) and LiDAR now provide dense three-dimensional (3D) digital elevation models (DEMs) of joint surfaces; however, the practical translation of 3D-only descriptors into the two-dimensional (2D) indices embedded in engineering practice-such as Z2 and the joint roughness coefficient (JRC)-remains limited, and profile-based estimates depend strongly on scanline selection and observation scale.
Key Innovation: Here, we present a DEM-based framework that (i) applies a convergence-based, overlap sampling procedure to establish representative numbers and spacing of 2D profiles and 3D sub-surfaces, and (ii) provides an explicit conversion from 3D descriptors to Z2. Scale effects were quantified on three ~ 1 m natural discontinuities using Z2 and fractal dimension (FD); representative estimates were achieved at profile spacing of.
42. How Alternating Shear Rates Reshape Stick-Slip Dynamics: Analytical and Experimental Insights into Friction and Acoustic Emissions on Rock Joints
Core Problem: We performed stick-slip tests on planar rock joints under different normal stresses to compare the effects of alternating shear rates (ASR) and constant shear rates (CSR).
Key Innovation: We propose a modified RSF model in which these parameters explicitly depend on normal stress and shear rate alternation, it explicitly captures the effect of shear rate alternation on parameters a and b in RSF model. Testing results show that at normal stresses above 3 MPa, CSR tests exhibit larger mean recurrence intervals and stress drops than the high-rate segments of ASR tests at the same shear rate.
43. A mechanism evolution index for the seismic assessment of retrofitted non-ductile RC frames
Core Problem: Scalar damage indices for retrofitted reinforced concrete frames are calibrated against one intervention family and record how much damage has occurred rather than which mechanism produced it, so they neither transfer between retrofit types nor warn when a brittle mode is about to govern.
Key Innovation: The framework is demonstrated on a one-third-scale specimen series, a bare frame with three-ply CFRP and tube-in-tube brace retrofits, reproduced by one calibrated OpenSees model.
44. Structural geology and shallow site characterization using multi-geophysical methods in the Edremit Basin (Balıkesir) and its surroundings, Northwestern Türkiye
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of structural geology and shallow site characterization using multi-geophysical methods in the Edremit Basin (Balıkesir) and its surroundings, Northwestern Türkiye, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
45. Experimental investigations of turbulence and flow dynamics in steep mountain channels with submerged boulders
Core Problem: In this paper the effects of boulder concentration on hydrodynamics and local and reach-averaged sediment transport properties with a flow over submerged boulder arrays are investigated.
Key Innovation: Four numerical simulations are performed in which the boulders' streamwise spacings are varied. The results demonstrate that the presence of boulders at various interboulder spacings altered the flow field in their vicinity causing (1) flow deceleration, wake formation, and vortex shedding; (2) enhanced outward and inward interaction turbulence events downstream of the boulders; and (3) a redistribution of the local bed shear.
46. Resilience-Oriented Road Network Repair Optimization under Rainstorm Disruptions Considering Mixed Traffic and Safety Risks
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of resilience-Oriented Road Network Repair Optimization under Rainstorm Disruptions Considering Mixed Traffic and Safety Risks, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
47. Probabilistic risk-based assessment of structural performance under rain loads
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of probabilistic risk-based assessment of structural performance under rain loads, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
48. GSWarpNet: Decoupled warp-and-refine radar echo nowcasting with physics-regularized flow supervision
Core Problem: Joint warp-and-refine training can corrupt motion estimation and erode storm structure at longer lead times.
Key Innovation: Separates flow and refinement gradients, adds incompressibility and boundary-fidelity objectives, and achieves leading conventional and structural metrics with a 1.63-million-parameter model.
49. Quantification of the statistical distribution of historical ice jam volumes using hydraulic modelling
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of quantification of the statistical distribution of historical ice jam volumes using hydraulic modelling, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
50. Route-based time-series InSAR monitoring and short-term settlement prediction for a coastal port-access road: A multi-source factor fusion framework
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of route-based time-series InSAR monitoring and short-term settlement prediction for a coastal port-access road: A multi-source factor fusion framework, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
51. Sediment Characteristics and Architecture of Triangular-Shaped Murtoos: A Test of Murtoo Formation Hypotheses
Core Problem: Murtoos and murtooized terrains are new types of subglacial landforms found in the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS) and Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) regions.
Key Innovation: LiDAR-based morphometric analyses have revealed substantial morphometric diversity among murtoos and murtoo-related landforms, while sedimentological excavations have documented a wide range of architectural elements and lithological characteristics.
52. How does lithology influence fluvial erodibility? A study of knickpoint retreat in small bedrock rivers on the Isle of Jura
Core Problem: Bedrock rivers are a key driver of landscape evolution across large parts of Earth's continents.
Key Innovation: The goal of this study is to examine how best rock strength measurements can be incorporated into estimates of fluvial erodibility. This finding challenges present practices for incorporating lithology in landscape evolution models.
53. A methodology for staged thermo-hydro-mechanical climatic simulations of cold regions soils
Core Problem: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Volume 63, Issue, Page 1-30, January 2026.
Key Innovation: This study describes a structured methodology for staged thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) climatic simulations of cold-region soils. The methodology is demonstrated through case studies representing warm (Kuujjuarapik, QC) and cold (Cambridge Bay, NU) permafrost implemented using the open-source Python 3 frozen-ground-fem package.
54. Monsoon wave transmission at pile-rock breakwaters on mangrove mudflats in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: A combined field and laboratory study
Core Problem: The main design function of PRBs is to protect remaining or newly-planted mangroves from high wave attack while also promoting sedimentation.
Key Innovation: The main design function of PRBs is to protect remaining or newly-planted mangroves from high wave attack while also promoting sedimentation.
55. An uncertainty-aware 4D millimeter wave radar-camera fusion method for robust environmental perception under dynamic maritime conditions
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of an uncertainty-aware 4D millimeter wave radar-camera fusion method for robust environmental perception under dynamic maritime conditions, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
56. Evaluation of deep learning approaches for long-term gap imputation in a sparse wave buoy network in the Gulf of Mexico
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of evaluation of deep learning approaches for long-term gap imputation in a sparse wave buoy network in the Gulf of Mexico, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
57. High resolution flow time history reconstruction around airfoil based on deep learning
Core Problem: The field of fluid mechanics is rapidly advancing, driven by unprecedented volumes of data from experiments, field measurements, and large-scale simulations at multiple spatiotemporal scales.
Key Innovation: ML provides a powerful information-processing framework that can augment, and possibly even transform, current lines of fluid mechanics research and industrial applications.
58. Horizontal ultimate bearing characteristics of diagonal brace reinforcement system for offshore wind turbine monopile foundations
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of horizontal ultimate bearing characteristics of diagonal brace reinforcement system for offshore wind turbine monopile foundations, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
59. Multidirectional vibration control of a spatial tuned mass damper for spar-type floating offshore wind turbines
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of multidirectional vibration control of a spatial tuned mass damper for spar-type floating offshore wind turbines, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
60. Building a dataset of offshore oil and gas extraction platforms from satellite data (2017-2023)
Core Problem: We constructed a dataset of offshore oil and gas platforms to improve knowledge of human activities at sea and their environmental impacts.
Key Innovation: Using satellite images from the Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 missions, we identified over 5000 platforms in six major offshore basins between 2017 and 2023 and recorded their locations and status.
61. A long-term wintertime snow depth dataset on Arctic sea ice (1978-2025) derived from multisource passive microwave radiometer data
Core Problem: Preprint under review for ESSD (discussion: open, 0 comments) This study presents the SYSU SnowDepth dataset (1978-2025), the longest pan-Arctic snow depth on sea ice record covering both first-year ice and multi-year ice.
Key Innovation: Preprint under review for ESSD (discussion: open, 0 comments) This study presents the SYSU SnowDepth dataset (1978-2025), the longest pan-Arctic snow depth on sea ice record covering both first-year ice and multi-year ice.
62. A semi-Lagrangian advection scheme in Elmer (v26.1): benchmarking against discontinuous Galerkin and application to ice-damage transport
Core Problem: Transport processes like rocks carried by ice flow and damage evolution - a proxy for crevasses - are key in ice sheet modeling and should occur without diffusion.
Key Innovation: Yet, standard numerical methods often blur these features. We explore a particle-based Semi-Lagrangian approach, comparing it to a Discontinuous Galerkin method, and show it can accurately simulate such transport when run at high enough resolution.
63. Design, construction, and calibration of an automated weighing lysimeter to support climate-smart agriculture in the Colombian Orinoquía
Core Problem: In tropical agricultural regions, accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) remains challenging due to climatic variability, data scarcity, and limitations of empirical models such as FAO-56 Penman-Monteith.
Key Innovation: To provide the technical basis for future field-based evapotranspiration studies, this study reports the design, construction, and calibration of an automated weighing lysimeter installed at the La Libertad Research Center in Villavicencio, Colombia. Calibration was performed using incremental load-unload cycles, achieving linear response curves with R² more than 0.99, while soil water retention curves were developed to.
64. Azimuth-Extended Spotlight SAR Based on Multifrequency Subpulse Diversity
Core Problem: An azimuth wide-swath spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging method utilizing multifrequency subpulse (MFSP) diversity is proposed.
Key Innovation: The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through comparisons with traditional methods, demonstrating its capability to expand azimuth width without degrading azimuth resolution or introducing severe wavefront-curvature errors. Different subpulses are then steered toward multiple desired subscenes to achieve wide azimuth beam coverage.
65. Enhanced Magnetotelluric Responses of Deep Resistive Anomalies Beneath Sedimentary Cover from Deep Underground Observations
Core Problem: The identification and delineation of subsurface resistive anomalies beneath sedimentary cover remain challenging for the magnetotelluric (MT) method.
Key Innovation: In this study, we compared the attenuation behavior of electromagnetic (EM) fields and their response characteristics under surface and/or subsurface observation configurations using both synthetic and field data. The synthetic results show that the conductive cover layer substantially suppresses the EM responses of the subsurface high-resistivity body, resulting in only weak relative response perturbations at surface.
66. Harmonizing Fengyun-3D MERSI-II with MODIS NDVI for a Global Climate Data Record
Core Problem: However, systematic biases arising from differences in sensor design, radiometric calibration, and atmospheric correction hinder their direct combination.
Key Innovation: This study established a full-chain framework that integrated cross-calibration of surface reflectance using quasi-synchronous FY-3D/MODIS observations and a MERSI-II-specific atmospheric correction scheme based on the 6S radiative transfer model. After correction, the FY-3D NDVI shows substantially improved consistency with MODIS, achieving a reduction in root mean square error of over 25.9%, an increase in correlation.
67. A Robust Distributed-Target-Based Quality Assessment Method for PolSAR Calibration Without Corner Reflectors
Core Problem: To address these problems, this paper proposes a robust distributed-target-based PolSAR calibration quality assessment (RD-PCQA) method without corner reflectors (CRs) to address these problems.
Key Innovation: The corner-reflector-based assessment is accurate but depends on field deployment and maintenance, whereas the distributed-target-based methods is easier to automate but is sensitive to mixed scattering within image patches and to non-unique histogram peaks. Experiments were conducted using three GF-3 PolSAR images acquired over the SAR calibration site in Etuoke Banner, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China, with CR results used as.
68. Noise-Adjusted Feature Extraction for Deep Learning-Based Classification of Hyperspectral Imagery
Core Problem: Hyperspectral image (HSI) classification benefits from rich spectral information; however, high dimensionality of HSI data increases computational cost, noise sensitivity, and the risk of overfitting when labeled samples are limited.
Key Innovation: This paper proposes a data-augmented Noise-Adjusted Principal Component Analysis (DA-NAPCA) framework for deep learning-based HSI classification. Across the three datasets, DA-NAPCA achieved mean overall accuracies of 93.11-94.71% with 3D-CNN and 95.93-97.44% with EfficientNet-B0.
69. Enhanced GNSS Tomography Using Synthetic Ray Augmentation Constrained by Observed Tropospheric Gradients
Core Problem: However, unconstrained solutions rely heavily on station and satellite geometry.
Key Innovation: This study introduces a GNSS-only approach that uses precise SP3 orbit products to create pseudo-slant observations in satellite directions not tracked by individual receivers. GPS-derived gradients were generally in line with the full multi-GNSS solution, but GLONASS-only gradients showed larger differences.
70. DGCR-Net: Dynamic Graph Contextual Reasoning Network for Semantic Segmentation of Remote Sensing Imagery
Core Problem: Semantic segmentation of remote sensing images is challenging because multi-scale irregular objects in complex scenes often exhibit large intra-class variability, high inter-class similarity, and sparse spatial distributions.
Key Innovation: Considering the capability of graph neural networks in modeling irregular relationships, we propose DGCR-Net, a dynamic graph contextual reasoning network for semantic segmentation of remote sensing imagery. Extensive experiments on the Vaihingen, Potsdam, LoveDA, and UAVid datasets demonstrate that DGCR-Net achieves competitive performance, with mIoU scores of 83.4%, 86.5%, 53.9%, and 69.4%, respectively.
71. Fracture behavior of synthetic sandstone under hydro-mechanically coupled dual-period compressive torsion
Core Problem: However, Mesozoic sandstones are characterized by relatively weak diagenesis, high porosity, and strong sensitivity to groundwater, stress perturbation, and coring disturbances.
Key Innovation: In this study, sandstone specimens are synthesized via layered packing, temporary cementation, and selective sintering to reproduce cement-free direct intergranular contacts. The results indicate that the damage gradient associated with YF and the applied C-T induce rotation of the major principal stress axis.
72. Energy evolution and failure characteristics of shale under true-triaxial unloading paths
Core Problem: During oil and gas extraction and the tunnel excavation, the failure characteristics of shale become highly complex due to the combined effects of inherent structural anisotropy and true-triaxial unloading stress paths.
Key Innovation: To investigate the energy evolution and failure modes of shale under true-triaxial unloading path, a series of unloading experiments were performed with emphasis on the intermediate principal stress ( {\sigma}2). The results indicate that both the strength and deformability of shale are governed by the coupled effects of the initial stress state and bedding plane inclination.
73. Hybrid Finite-Discrete Element Modelling of Rock Damage Evolution and Optimization in Cut Blasting Under High Ground Stress
Core Problem: However, this process faces challenges due to the complex mechanisms of rock damage evolution under high ground stress.
Key Innovation: This study investigates the damage evolution induced by cut blasting in deep, complex stress fields through theoretical analysis and numerical modelling. The results show that rock damage in deep cut blasting arises from the combined influence of ground stress and explosive stress waves.
74. Effects of 3D Disturbance Amplitude Ratios on Shear Behavior and Anisotropic Fracturing Mechanisms of Sedimentary Rock under True Triaxial Stress
Core Problem: In deep underground engineering (e.g., tunnels, mining, hydropower), dynamic disturbances like blasting and mechanical vibrations frequently induce shear slippage along structural planes in rock masses, particularly in anisotropic layered limestone under true triaxial (3D) stress, leading to instability; however, quantitative analysis of 3D multidirectional disturbance-coupling effects remains insufficient.
Key Innovation: This study investigates the shear failure behavior of limestone intermittent structural planes under true triaxial stress with varying ratios of disturbed stress amplitudes in different directions. Key findings include: 1).
75. Cracking and Damage Characteristics of Granite Subjected to Cyclic Thermal Loading under Different Confining Pressures
Core Problem: The cracking and damage characteristics of hot dry rock (HDR) subjected to cyclic thermal loading under different confining pressures are essential when constructing heat storage with high efficiency.
Key Innovation: In the present study, a series of physical and tensile mechanical tests were carried out using hollow cylindrical rock samples to investigate the properties of granite, which were subjected to cyclic thermal loading under two conditions (unconfined and confining pressure conditions).
76. Seismic resilient precast concrete moment connections with top shear tabs and bottom replaceable fuses: numerical study on shear tabs detailing
Core Problem: While prior tests have validated the damage-control concept, design criteria for the shear tabs to ensure reliable force transfer between beam segments under combined axial, shear, and bending actions are still lacking.
Key Innovation: In this study, calibrated finite element models (FEMs) of the proposed connection were constructed to clarify the force transfer mechanism of the shear tabs.
77. Mechanical behavior of exterior beam-column joints with partial steel-fiber-strengthened epoxy composite joint-core replacement
Core Problem: This study investigates the cyclic performance of exterior reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column joints in which the normal concrete within the joint core is partially replaced by a fiber-strengthened epoxy composite (SFREC), consisting of an epoxy binder, silica sand, cement-microsilica filler, and hooked-end steel fibers.
Key Innovation: This study investigates the cyclic performance of exterior reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column joints in which the normal concrete within the joint core is partially replaced by a fiber-strengthened epoxy composite (SFREC), consisting of an epoxy binder, silica sand, cement-microsilica filler, and hooked-end steel fibers. The verified results showed that BCJ-SFREC achieved the highest peak load, Pmax=6.23 kN, corresponding.
78. How wildfires affect carbonate rocks: Quantifying post-fire exfoliation in a Mediterranean karst landscape using structured-light 3D scanning
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of how wildfires affect carbonate rocks: Quantifying post-fire exfoliation in a Mediterranean karst landscape using structured-light 3D scanning, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
79. Perceived accessibility under rainstorm warnings and its role in commuters’ travel adaptation: A mode-specific study in Shanghai, China
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of perceived accessibility under rainstorm warnings and its role in commuters’ travel adaptation: A mode-specific study in Shanghai, China, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
80. ‘Natural’ Disaster, Unnatural Linguicism: Are Amazigh Women’s Voices Heard during the 2023 Al Haouz Earthquake in Morocco?
Core Problem: Open-ended responses were thematically analysed in NVivo to identify recurrent patterns related to language barriers, recovery challenges, and recommendations for inclusive support.
Key Innovation: This study examines how language barriers were associated with Amazigh women’s access to disaster information during and after the 2023 Al Haouz earthquake in Morocco. The findings show that 46 of the 62 participants (74.2%) did not receive disaster-related information in a language they understood.
81. Advancing global urban mapping with multimodal robustness and versatile applications
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of advancing global urban mapping with multimodal robustness and versatile applications, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
82. Automated river ice classification of true colour and near-infrared Sentinel-2 satellite data using deep learning
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of automated river ice classification of true colour and near-infrared Sentinel-2 satellite data using deep learning, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
83. Nonlinear evolution of earth pressure on tunnel linings based on mobilized shear strength of unsaturated soils
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of nonlinear evolution of earth pressure on tunnel linings based on mobilized shear strength of unsaturated soils, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
84. Major wetting behaviour of compacted unsaturated soils in road embankments using the MPK framework
Core Problem: Despite extensive research on the behavior of unsaturated fine-grained materials, there is still a lack of understanding of the volumetric behavior of unsaturated granular materials.
Key Innovation: The proposed model seeks to introduce the application of the unsaturated soil mechanics theory, for predicting the behavior of granular materials in the field, by providing a practical and cost-effective methodology. The results indicate that the developed surface is unique in its loading state paths; however, it only shows uniqueness in its wetting state paths for stress levels greater than 2000 kPa.
85. Mechanisms and design method of slurry filtration and filter cake formation in high-permeability strata
Core Problem: In highly permeable strata, slurry is prone to deep infiltration and fails to form a stable filter cake, which poses a critical challenge to the safety and efficiency of slurry shield tunnelling.
Key Innovation: The transition point t z identified from the incremental filtration loss is introduced as a characteristic time marker for the onset of rapid low-permeability structure development. The results show that slurry infiltration evolves from surface filter cake formation to deep penetration as the flow channel size increases, leading to a significant increase in the difficulty of filter cake formation.
86. Study on frost damage characteristics and prediction model of tunnels in cold regions of China
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of study on frost damage characteristics and prediction model of tunnels in cold regions of China, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
87. Dynamic response and safety assessment of high-speed ballasted railways subjected to embankment frost heave
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of dynamic response and safety assessment of high-speed ballasted railways subjected to embankment frost heave, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
88. Role of Shortwave Feedback in Non-Linear Response to CO₂ Forcing in GFDL CM4.0
Core Problem: Effective climate sensitivity (E ff CS) is a key metric for quantifying climate change, yet its uncertainty remains large, primarily due to intermodel differences in cloud feedback.
Key Innovation: Here, we assess E ff CS and climate feedback to an abrupt doubling (2xCO2) and quadrupling (4xCO2) of CO₂ over 450 years in GFDL CM4.0.
89. Evaluating the Role of Kernel Choice on Radiative Feedback Estimates
Core Problem: Radiative feedbacks are important for understanding climate sensitivity, yet estimates vary widely across climate models.
Key Innovation: Feedbacks are often computed using the radiative kernel technique, which uses pre-calculated radiative sensitivities (kernels) derived from different models and base states. We find that kernel-related spread is comparable to the intermodel spread in global water vapor and albedo feedbacks, and in polar regions, the kernel-induced spread for cloud feedbacks is also comparable to the model spread.
90. Global Transpiration Changes and Its Drivers in the Future
Core Problem: However, attributing projected future E t change to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO₂ ]), air temperature ( T a), and leaf area index (LAI) remains challenging because these drivers exert opposing and interacting influences.
Key Innovation: Here, we develop a quantitative first-order attribution framework that combines grid-cell-level sensitivities diagnosed from CMIP6 single-forcing experiments with projected driver changes under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs).
91. Discrete element simulation of track-plate shearing behavior in two types of deep-sea sediments
Core Problem: Deep-sea sediment microstructure governs track-sediment interaction, while its sediment-specific effects remain insufficiently differentiated in existing track-scale DEM studies.
Key Innovation: This study develops material-specific DEM models for Western Pacific calcareous sediment (WP-S) and Clarion-Clipperton Zone siliceous sediment (CCZ-S) by integrating shear-plane SEM observations and vane-rheometry calibration. These results show that sediment microstructure and repeated disturbance govern thrust redistribution, supporting more realistic traction prediction for seabed mining vehicles.
92. A full-strain-range nonlinear bounding surface model with semi-explicit ARK-CP integration and its application to laterally loaded monopiles in overconsolidated clay
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of a full-strain-range nonlinear bounding surface model with semi-explicit ARK-CP integration and its application to laterally loaded monopiles in overconsolidated clay, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
93. A novel leak-aware diffusion method for structural health monitoring of offshore platform pipelines under limited labeled data
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of a novel leak-aware diffusion method for structural health monitoring of offshore platform pipelines under limited labeled data, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
94. Evidence-preserving representation learning for UAV small object detection in complex aerial and maritime environments
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of evidence-preserving representation learning for UAV small object detection in complex aerial and maritime environments, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
95. Long-term temperature, oxygen and water clarity trends in Swiss lakes
Core Problem: We present a publicly available dataset of physical lake monitoring data of 21 Swiss lakes, including calculated variables like thermocline depth.
Key Innovation: We present a publicly available dataset of physical lake monitoring data of 21 Swiss lakes, including calculated variables like thermocline depth. In contrast, deepwater oxygen and thermocline depth do not show clear trends during the last few decades.
96. Increase in global warming potential of atmospheric black carbon since 1750
Core Problem: Nature Geoscience, Published online: 08 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41561-026-02085-z The soot fraction of global black carbon emissions increased from 16% in 1750 to 35% in 2019, mainly driven by fossil fuel consumption, suggesting a higher warming potential per unit mass, according to an analysis of atmospheric measurements.
Key Innovation: Nature Geoscience, Published online: 08 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41561-026-02085-z The soot fraction of global black carbon emissions increased from 16% in 1750 to 35% in 2019, mainly driven by fossil fuel consumption, suggesting a higher warming potential per unit mass, according to an analysis of atmospheric measurements.
97. Filtered Distillation from a Large Vision Teacher for Infrared Small Target Detection
Core Problem: Infrared target detection supports the continuous observation of traffic participants and low-altitude targets across aerial and fixed-view imaging settings, particularly under weak or changing illumination.
Key Innovation: However, infrared targets are often small, weakly textured, and easily confused with thermal noise and background clutter.
98. Evaluating Aeolus HLOS Winds and Characterizing the Low-Level Jet (LLJ) and Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) over the Indian Summer Monsoon: An Intercomparison with Radiosonde and Reanalysis Datasets
Core Problem: Reliable prediction of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) requires accurate representation of large-scale circulation features such as the Low-Level Jet (LLJ) and Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ), yet sparse observational coverage over the Indian Ocean region continues to limit model validation and improvement.
Key Innovation: This study validated horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS) winds from the ESA Aeolus satellite, carrying the first spaceborne Doppler wind lidar (ALADIN), against high-resolution radiosonde observations at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) during 2019-2021, with spatial intercomparisons against reanalysis datasets extended through 2022.
99. Multi-Temporal Phenology-Spectral Feature Optimization and Decision Tree Classification for Estuarine Wetland Vegetation Mapping
Core Problem: Accurate mapping of different vegetation types remains challenging due to spectral similarities and the high dimensionality of time-series data.
Key Innovation: This research introduces a Google Earth Engine (GEE)-based hierarchical framework for mapping eight typical vegetation types in the Liaohe Estuary using Sentinel-2 imagery from 2023 to 2025. Integrated with a hierarchical decision tree calibrated using the SEaTH approach, the framework achieved an overall accuracy of 86.39% (kappa = 0.832), surpassing single-temporal spectral imagery classification and unoptimized MPS feature.
100. Machine-Learning-Based GNSS Signal Anomaly Classification Using COSMIC-2 POD Data
Core Problem: Ionospheric scintillation and radio frequency interference (RFI) affect Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals, making their distinction important for ionospheric monitoring and interference detection.
Key Innovation: This study identifies GNSS signal anomalies associated with scintillation and RFI using COSMIC-2 1 Hz precise orbit determination (POD) observations. These results show that, within the weak-label framework, COSMIC-2 1 Hz POD observations can support GNSS signal anomaly classification and spatiotemporal distribution analysis, providing a complementary approach for long-term anomaly analysis.
101. Bistatic Radar Polarization Roll-Invariants and Verification on Canonical Scatterers
Core Problem: Target recognition methods based on feature extraction of bistatic radar polarimetric characteristics face the challenge of feature variation caused by independent rotation of transmit and receive polarization bases.
Key Innovation: Based on Huynen decomposition and Cameron decomposition theories, this paper rigorously derives ten types of bistatic polarization roll-invariants covering scattering intensity, polarization modulation capability, scattering mechanism, symmetry and reciprocity. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that all proposed invariants strictly satisfy roll-invariance under independent rotation of transmit and receive.
102. A Multi-Source UAV Framework for Courtyard-Scale Visual-Material Integrity Assessment in Mountain Traditional Villages
Core Problem: Landscape character change in mountain traditional villages is difficult to assess from a single perspective because roof-material replacement, material-color deviation, and visual exposure vary under complex terrain and settlement configurations.
Key Innovation: This study develops a multi-source UAV framework for reproducible, spatially explicit assessment of courtyard-scale visual-material integrity (CI), a spatially observable component of landscape character integrity. Formula-structure sensitivity analysis against blinded ratings of 50 sampled courtyards showed that the proposed formulation had the highest rank consistency with expert judgments (Spearman’s ρ = 0.949).
103. Error Budget Analysis of a Sun Glint Based In-Flight Polarization Calibration Method from Blue to SWIR Spectral Bands
Core Problem: In contrast to the well-established vicarious methods for satellite radiometric calibration, studies on polarimetric calibration remain relatively limited.
Key Innovation: This study presented a sun glint based in-flight polarization calibration method in which measurements of the degree of linear polarization (DOLP) at the top of atmosphere (TOA) are directly compared with theoretical simulations generated by an atmosphere-ocean coupled vector radiative transfer model. The results show that the WS retrieval error generally decreases with increasing reference band wavelength and increases with.
104. RGB-Derived Canopy Height Models for Riparian Woody Vegetation Monitoring Using Depth Anything V2
Core Problem: However, repeated monitoring of the three-dimensional structure over broad river corridors remains challenging.
Key Innovation: A monocular depth-estimation framework was trained using the National Agriculture Imagery Program-CHM dataset and applied to three Korean riverine environments. In the ITD assessment, the RGB-derived CHM achieved an F1 score of 0.73, compared with 0.80 for the LiDAR-derived CHM.
105. Estimation of Soil Total Nitrogen in Hemerocallis citrina Across Multiple Phenological Stages Using Partitioned Feature Bands
Core Problem: Rapid and non-destructive monitoring of soil total nitrogen (STN) is important for precision nutrient management in ecologically fragile agricultural systems.
Key Innovation: This study established a controlled spectral resampling experiment to simulate the multispectral responses of Sentinel-2, WorldView-3, GF-6, and Landsat-9 from laboratory ASD hyperspectral measurements of Hemerocallis citrina fields.
106. Hard Rock Cuttability Enhancement Using Fracture Interfaces: Role of Confining Pressure
Core Problem: Mechanical cutting in hard rock encounters challenges, such as severe pick wear, low breaking efficiency, and intense equipment vibration.
Key Innovation: In this study, the influence pattern of FI on rock cuttability under various confining pressures was revealed through cutting experiments, and the regulation mechanism of confining pressure on this FI effect was clarified. Fracturing techniques demonstrate potential in improving rock cuttability by creating fracture interface (FI).
107. Supercritical CO₂ Fracturing-Enhanced Catalytic Pyrolysis of Oil Shale: Insights into Fracture Evolution and Reaction-Transport Coupling
Core Problem: The high heating temperature required for kerogen conversion and the low oil recovery remain the major challenges hindering the commercial development of oil shale.
Key Innovation: This study proposes a supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) fracturing-assisted catalytic pyrolysis strategy; the complete fracture-transport-conversion process was systematically investigated using the pressure monitoring, X-ray CT reconstruction, fracture-surface topography, tracer-based XRF/SEM-EDS analysis, catalytic pyrolysis, and two-dimensional NMR characterization. Surface-topography measurements showed that the SC-CO₂-fractured.
108. Heat risk communication in England: Institutional practices and barriers
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of heat risk communication in England: Institutional practices and barriers, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
109. Physics-informed probabilistic modelling of ship arrival time and fuel consumption under wave-induced uncertainty
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of physics-informed probabilistic modelling of ship arrival time and fuel consumption under wave-induced uncertainty, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
110. Decomposing Spatial and Seasonal Heterogeneity in Fishing Vessel Accident Loss Severity: A Bayesian Generalized Beta Distribution of the Second Kind Approach
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of decomposing Spatial and Seasonal Heterogeneity in Fishing Vessel Accident Loss Severity: A Bayesian Generalized Beta Distribution of the Second Kind Approach, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
111. From mangrove gain to persistent establishment: a harmonised Landsat framework for biomass-carbon proxy change and restoration screening in the United Arab Emirates, 1990-2023
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of from mangrove gain to persistent establishment: a harmonised Landsat framework for biomass-carbon proxy change and restoration screening in the United Arab Emirates, 1990-2023, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
112. Incorporating soil cracks improves nitrogen transport modelling in paddy soils under contrasting irrigation and biochar management
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of incorporating soil cracks improves nitrogen transport modelling in paddy soils under contrasting irrigation and biochar management, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
113. An analytical viscoelastic-plastic model for tunnels with yielding support and secondary lining
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of an analytical viscoelastic-plastic model for tunnels with yielding support and secondary lining, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
114. Multi-stage stress probing analysis of granular materials: DEM insights into the role of coarse content and stress history
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of multi-stage stress probing analysis of granular materials: DEM insights into the role of coarse content and stress history, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
115. Analytical solution for laterally loaded floating pipe piles in homogeneous elastic soil layer
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of analytical solution for laterally loaded floating pipe piles in homogeneous elastic soil layer, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
116. Framework for subgrade compaction quality evaluation using empirical prior constraints with adaptive residual correction model integrating multidimensional ICMVs and moisture content effects
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of framework for subgrade compaction quality evaluation using empirical prior constraints with adaptive residual correction model integrating multidimensional ICMVs and moisture content effects, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
117. Enhanced rail track modeling and modulus estimation using DIC-calibrated finite element analysis
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of enhanced rail track modeling and modulus estimation using DIC-calibrated finite element analysis, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
118. Sustainable subbase stabilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement using bio-based hard resin derived from yang ( Dipterocarpus alatus)
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of sustainable subbase stabilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement using bio-based hard resin derived from yang ( Dipterocarpus alatus), but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
119. Comprehensive analysis of pumice sand: physical, chemical, and mechanical behavior under static and cyclic triaxial testing
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of comprehensive analysis of pumice sand: physical, chemical, and mechanical behavior under static and cyclic triaxial testing, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.
120. Multiscale insights into pore structure effects on water retention and capillary absorption behaviors of stabilized soft clays
Core Problem: The verified record establishes the scope of multiscale insights into pore structure effects on water retention and capillary absorption behaviors of stabilized soft clays, but the accessible metadata do not expose the study motivation or boundary conditions.
Key Innovation: The title, authors, source and publication identity are verified; methods and quantitative outcomes are not asserted because the correct abstract was unavailable.