TerraMosaic Daily Digest: October 9, 2026
Daily Summary
The October 9 issue brings together changes in slope forcing and the material states that govern failure. Qinling landslide modelling projects an expansion of high-susceptibility zones under SSP2-4.5 rainfall changes, while a Rogun intake-slope assessment examines how fault geometry, saturation and seismic loading affect excavated rock slopes. The former provides a scenario-conditioned susceptibility map; the latter evaluates a reinforcement and drainage design through several analytical methods. Their conclusions concern modelled conditions, with future landslide incidence and long-term support performance remaining separate questions.
Hydraulic and cyclic failure studies show why a single threshold can miss a changing failure mode. Loess experiments identify different cyclic responses under different initial shear stresses and propose a viscosity-gradient-based pore-pressure criterion below unity. Downward-seepage experiments show that a concrete contact increases local flow velocity, while dense packing sharply restricts fine-particle loss. Compaction therefore reduces interface erosion without removing the susceptibility imposed by a gap-graded soil. Companion papers address dike overflow resistance, transient seepage diagnosis and the transition from suffusion to leakage.
Observations and structural models constrain different parts of infrastructure risk. A multidecadal Taipei building record resolves transient nonlinear softening but does not uniquely identify localized damage from interevent modal differences. A reduced-order nuclear-containment model enables rapid, condition-informed fragility reassessment within a slight-damage regime. Oilfield InSAR is checked against levelling, whereas pipeline LiDAR measures surface change that can include erosion or land modification as well as subsidence. Permafrost highway zoning uses simulated refreezing depth as a susceptibility proxy, linking monitoring inputs to maintenance priorities rather than directly observing failure probability.
Coastal event timing adds another modelling distinction. In an Adriatic compound-extreme hindcast, atmospheric-model forcing reproduces the surge but misses the meteotsunami; measured high-frequency pressure restores the short-period response at Vela Luka. Updated Beibu Gulf evidence identifies a regional tendency for secondary resurgence after severe surges. These findings favour evaluating both the first water-level peak and later oscillations, while retrospective reproduction remains distinct from prospective warning. The selection also includes a coupled flood–landslide warning prototype, tailings exposure screening, evacuation and recovery studies, and supporting work on moisture measurements, shoreline mapping and environmentally altered soils.
Key Trends
Forcing history, material state and observation scale determine what the hazard and infrastructure studies can establish.
- Slope assessment depends on the forcing scenario: Qinling rainfall projections and Rogun hydro-seismic loading connect mapped or calculated instability to explicit climatic, hydraulic and structural conditions.
- Failure modes change with stress and packing: Initial shear modifies loess cyclic failure, while density controls particle migration at concrete contacts even when local seepage velocity increases.
- Monitoring signals need a physical interpretation: Seismic frequency shifts, oilfield deformation, LiDAR elevation changes and refreezing-depth proxies describe different quantities and support different conclusions.
- The timing of a coastal extreme extends beyond its first peak: Meteotsunami forcing and post-surge resurgence expose high-frequency and delayed components that a surge-only representation may miss.
- Consequence assessment extends from structures to services: Housing-system vulnerability, tailings exposure, flood evacuation, traction-power restoration and watershed resilience connect physical hazards with assets and recovery decisions.
Selected Papers
Climate-conditioned landslide susceptibility, fault-controlled intake slopes, loess liquefaction and interface suffusion anchor this selection. Structural monitoring, seismic fragility, permafrost subgrades and oilfield subsidence connect mechanisms with infrastructure response. Coastal extremes, coupled warning, evacuation and recovery studies extend the operational view. Supporting methods address observation quality, material calibration and spatial representation.
1. Landslide susceptibility assessment in the Qinling mountain driven by rainfall changes under future climate scenarios
Core Problem: Future rainfall changes may alter mapped susceptibility in the Qinling Mountains.
Key Innovation: A balanced inventory and CMIP6 SSP2-4.5 rainfall series support model comparisons and projected expansion of high-susceptibility zones; reported CNN discrimination does not validate future landslide incidence across scenarios.
2. Hydro Seismic Stability of Fault Controlled Intake Slopes at Rogun Dam
Core Problem: Fault geometry, saturation and seismic loading jointly affect excavated intake slopes.
Key Innovation: Kinematic, equilibrium and finite-element analyses identify unstable unsupported mechanisms at Rogun and model improved performance with reinforcement and drainage; post-support displacements are predictions and dissolution remains a long-term concern.
3. Liquefaction triggering and cyclic failure modes of saturated loess under initial shear stress: a rheology-informed pore water pressure threshold
Core Problem: Initial static shear changes both cyclic failure mode and the usefulness of standard pore-pressure criteria.
Key Innovation: Reconstituted loess tests define a viscosity-gradient-based pore-pressure threshold below unity that varies with initial shear; the criterion is laboratory-specific and does not establish a universal field trigger.
4. Suffusion at soil–structure interfaces under downward seepage: an experimental study
Core Problem: Concrete contacts can concentrate seepage in internally unstable soils.
Key Innovation: Gap-graded specimens show higher local velocity near concrete but much less particle loss at high relative density; densification reduces migration without eliminating grading-controlled suffusion susceptibility.
5. Forecasting compound sea level extremes: the 29–30 October 2018 Adriatic storm surge and meteotsunami extreme
Core Problem: A surge model may reproduce slow water-level variation while missing a short-period extreme.
Key Innovation: Measured high-frequency air pressure restores the Vela Luka meteotsunami component in a hybrid hindcast; retrospective event reproduction does not establish an operational forecast with the same inputs available in advance.
6. Rapid Postearthquake Fragility Assessment of Operating Nuclear Structures Using a Parametric Reduced‐Order Model
Core Problem: Design-stage fragility may not represent the current stiffness of an operating structure.
Key Innovation: A monitoring-informed reduced-order containment model enables rapid fragility recomputation within a slight-damage regime; it is a model demonstration rather than proof of operational safety or severe-damage performance.
7. Long‐Term Earthquake Response in a Midrise Reinforced Concrete Building: Insights From Hybrid Seismic Monitoring
Core Problem: Changes in modal behaviour do not uniquely identify structural damage.
Key Innovation: A Taipei building archive combines legacy strong-motion records and recent MEMS observations, resolving up to 15% transient frequency reduction while separating interevent variability from unproven localized damage.
8. Susceptibility Zoning of Seasonal Freeze–Thaw Deformation in Permafrost Subgrade Along the Qinghai–Tibet Highway
Core Problem: Spatially variable frozen-ground conditions complicate highway maintenance priorities.
Key Innovation: Field and borehole inputs support coupled simulations and an XGBoost surrogate at 30 m resolution; refreezing depth is a susceptibility proxy, and SHAP importance describes the model rather than causal shares of observed damage.
9. Unraveling Spatial Associations of Surface Subsidence in Typical Oil Production Areas of Songyuan City by Integrating Time-Series InSAR and Deep Learning
Core Problem: Sparse agricultural-plain deformation observations complicate facility association and forecasting.
Key Innovation: Levelling cross-checks support PS-InSAR monitoring and factor associations around oil wells; a reported twelve-month projection remains distinct from independently verified future deformation or causal extraction effects.
10. Non-Engineered Housing Construction and Earthquakes: A Global Review of Structural Performance and Vulnerability Drivers
Core Problem: Seismic vulnerability reflects structural integration as well as construction capacity and governance.
Key Innovation: A review of more than 200 studies links housing-system coherence with technical, socioeconomic and regulatory constraints; it offers a coordinated agenda rather than one transferable fragility curve.
11. Resurgences after storm surges in the Beibu Gulf: Process studies of Typhoon Yagi (2024) and multi-decadal statistics
Core Problem: A coastal water-level maximum may be followed by another hazardous oscillation.
Key Innovation: Yagi hindcasting identifies a basin-scale shelf-seiche interpretation, while a 23-year Beihai gauge record finds pronounced resurgence after 67.9% of severe surges; the frequency is regional and the mechanism is a supported interpretation.
12. A prototype multi-hazard early warning system integrating flood and landslide forecasting: application in the upper Garonne River Basin
Core Problem: The verified study integrates flood and landslide forecasting in the upper Garonne River Basin.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
13. Hydrological diagnosis of preferential seepage and internal erosion in embankment dams and levees: From transient forcing to uncertainty-aware decisions
Core Problem: The verified study examines preferential seepage and internal-erosion diagnosis under transient hydraulic forcing and uncertainty.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
14. Experimental study on measured erosion resistance of material transitions on dikes due to overflow: hydraulic stability and reinforcement techniques
Core Problem: The verified study examines erosion resistance at dike material transitions and reinforcement under overflow.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
15. Automated multi-temporal LiDAR analysis of surface-elevation changes along pipeline corridors using ArcGIS Pro and Python
Core Problem: Elevation loss can reflect subsidence, erosion or local land modification.
Key Innovation: An automated workflow reduces processing time by about 77% for one representative tile; temporally mismatched GNSS and InSAR are cross-checks, not direct validation of LiDAR-derived deformation rates.
16. Watershed-scale flood resilience mapping using a pressure-state-response framework and catastrophe progression models
Core Problem: Composite resilience maps depend on the selected service and infrastructure indicators.
Key Innovation: Pressure–state–response and catastrophe-progression indices map Gavkhoni resilience, with sensitivity to health-service and road variables; index sensitivity is not a measured change in flood probability.
17. Rip currents cells on recreational beaches: the poorly know drowning risk (a case study in the Atlantic Moroccan coast)
Core Problem: Persistent or visually inconspicuous rip cells challenge beach-user awareness.
Key Innovation: Satellite imagery, field observations and surveys identify more than thirty rip cells along a 14 km Moroccan coast and recurring hazardous settings; this is a local hazard and awareness assessment.
18. Comprehensive risk assessment of multiple disasters in urban areas: the case of Changchun
Core Problem: Overlapping urban hazards and industrial screening require comparable spatial indicators.
Key Innovation: An AHP–GIS application integrates six components in Changchun, identifying localized overlap; its weights and indicators require local recalibration and do not quantify physical cascading probabilities.
19. A 4000-year paleoflood record from the middle Mississippi River valley
Core Problem: The verified study reconstructs a 4000-year paleoflood record in the middle Mississippi River valley.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
20. Beyond Volume Proxies: An Exposure-Based Scenario-Screening Framework for Conditional Potential Loss of Life in Tailings Storage Facility Portfolios
Core Problem: The verified study proposes exposure-based conditional loss-of-life screening for tailings storage facility portfolios.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
21. FLOOD EVACUATION MODELS: A SIMPLIFIED PROBABILISTIC APPROACH WITH APPLICATION TO A CASE STUDY IN ROME
Core Problem: The verified study develops a simplified probabilistic flood-evacuation approach with a Rome case study.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
22. Understanding the Motivation for Supporting Government-Led Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Resilience.
Core Problem: The verified study examines motivation for supporting government-led nature-based flood-resilience measures.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
23. Identification of risk amplification effects in rainstorm disaster chains using coupled disaster system theory and Bayesian networks
Core Problem: The verified study combines coupled disaster-system theory and Bayesian networks to identify risk amplification in rainstorm chains.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
24. Optimization of Resilience in Post-Earthquake Restoration of Traction Power Supply Systems Using a Hybrid Bio-Inspired Algorithm
Core Problem: The verified study examines resilience optimization for earthquake-disrupted traction power supply systems.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
25. Tropical beach ridges as paleoenvironmental archives of extreme events and sea-level change
Core Problem: The verified review considers tropical beach ridges as archives of extreme events and sea-level change.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
26. Quantile-based homogeneity selection and similarity-weighted robust coherence matrix for distributed scatterer interferometry in mining deformation monitoring
Core Problem: The verified study addresses homogeneity selection and robust coherence estimation for mining-deformation monitoring.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
27. Numerical investigation into the influence of cross walls on a deep excavation
Core Problem: Cross walls alter stiffness, deformation and drainage conditions during excavation.
Key Innovation: Rome-based three-dimensional analyses compare cross-wall designs and calibrate a simplified anisotropic-stiffness representation, including partially drained conditions; comparison with literature is distinct from new field validation.
28. Catastrophic transition from suffusion to leakage: Micromechanical insights and a generalized criterion equation
Core Problem: The verified study examines the transition from suffusion to leakage and proposes a generalized criterion.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
29. Field investigation of vibration–acoustic coupling and noise prediction in urban tunnel blasting beneath high-rise buildings
Core Problem: The verified study investigates vibration–acoustic coupling and noise beneath high-rise buildings during tunnel blasting.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
30. Trends in the frequency and duration of high flow events across climates
Core Problem: The verified study examines changes in high-flow event frequency and duration across climates.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
31. Relating Monthly to Yearly Morphological Changes in Embryonic Coastal Dune Systems
Core Problem: Annual net dune growth can conceal much larger intra-annual redistribution.
Key Innovation: Eight laser-scanning surveys resolve episodic sediment movement and vegetation-associated stabilization; gross monthly redistribution is distinct from net annual accumulation.
32. Soil Moisture Retrieval from Sentinel-1 SAR in Arid Oasis Regions: Error Analysis and Incidence Angle Effects
Core Problem: SAR moisture retrieval depends on orbit, incidence angle, roughness and vegetation.
Key Innovation: Heihe field comparisons quantify condition-dependent retrieval errors and expose the limitations of a static roughness assumption; the evaluated land covers do not define a universal preferred acquisition geometry.
33. Optical Multispectral Indices Versus Microwave-Based Soil Water Index for Surface Soil Moisture Assessment: A Linear Mixed-Effects Analysis of Pixel-Level Heterogeneity over a Tuscan Agricultural Landscape
Core Problem: Pooled optical–microwave relationships can obscure pixel-specific vegetation effects.
Key Innovation: Pixel-dependent intercepts improve agreement between VSDI and the Soil Water Index, with sensitivity weakening under dense canopy; the microwave product is a comparison reference rather than independent ground truth.
34. Trajectory-SAM: Object Trajectory-Guided Segmentation for Remote Sensing Videos
Core Problem: Large remote-sensing videos combine small objects with redundant frames and costly inference.
Key Innovation: Graph-selected frames, Temporal-LoRA and distillation improve the tested segmentation trade-off; this is a SAM adaptation rather than a new foundation model or validated disaster inventory method.
35. A Hierarchical Framework for Arctic Shoreline Type Mapping Using SAR and Optical Satellite Imagery
Core Problem: Intertidal variability and sensor resolution constrain shoreline interpretation.
Key Innovation: Four Arctic sites support hierarchical shore-zone and substrate mapping, with finer imagery improving type classification; spatially small tidal features remain constrained by sensor resolution.
36. A Transformer Network for Settlement Generalization Integrating Raster Maps and Remote Sensing Images
Core Problem: Cartographic scale changes require aggregation while retaining settlement geometry.
Key Innovation: Dual-source cross-attention generates target-scale settlement maps in two New York scale transformations; cartographic generalization does not preserve every individual asset needed for exposure counts.
37. Small-strain stiffness characteristics and HSS parameter determination of alluvial-proluvial sand in eastern Beijing
Core Problem: Default soil parameters may inadequately describe local alluvial-proluvial sand.
Key Innovation: Laboratory stiffness parameters improve one Beijing excavation calculation to within 2 mm of measured maximum wall displacement; the calibration is regional and is not a universal HSS parameter set.
38. A Bayesian MCMC approach for snow density estimation from SMOS over the Northern Hemisphere
Core Problem: The verified study uses Bayesian MCMC to estimate Northern Hemisphere snow density from SMOS.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
39. Diagnostic assessment and validation of early SWOT data for reservoir water storage in India employing multi-source altimetry and ground observations
Core Problem: The verified study assesses early SWOT reservoir-storage estimates against altimetry and ground observations in India.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
40. Ground surface temperature variability in rock glaciers from a marginal periglacial environment: Evidence from the southern Carpathians
Core Problem: The verified study examines rock-glacier surface-temperature variability in the southern Carpathians.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
41. Safe burial depth of underground lined gas storage caverns: An analysis integrating elastoplasticity and ultimate equilibrium
Core Problem: The verified study combines elastoplasticity and ultimate equilibrium to assess safe burial depth of lined gas-storage caverns.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
42. A novel energy evolution-based method for brittleness evaluation of shale considering the deformation and failure process
Core Problem: The verified study proposes a shale brittleness measure based on deformation and failure-stage energy evolution.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
43. A coupled optical-thermodynamic framework for predicting freezing onset in unsaturated saline silty clay
Core Problem: The verified study predicts freezing onset in unsaturated saline silty clay through a coupled formulation.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
44. Prediction of differential settlement during consolidation for embankment widening over soft clay
Core Problem: The verified study predicts differential settlement during consolidation beneath widened embankments over soft clay.
Key Innovation: Not assessed: a reliable abstract matching the verified record was unavailable. Quantitative findings and validation cannot be established from the title alone.
45. Elastoplastic constitutive modeling of saline silty clay considering microstructural damage evolution under wetting–drying freeze–thaw cycles
Core Problem: Repeated wetting, drying, freezing and thawing change saline clay structure and strength.
Key Innovation: An SEM-derived damage variable modifies Cam-Clay parameters and reproduces tested stress responses; comparisons mainly assess calibration agreement, with independent volumetric and field validation still needed.