TerraMosaic Daily Digest: July 12, 2026
Daily Summary
Susceptibility mapping is shifting from single-model ranking to calibrated, spatially tested inference, while historical evidence is becoming more systematic. DOME combines out-of-fold meta-ensembling, isotonic calibration and blocked spatial validation for debris-flow susceptibility; DEDICA contributes 9,137 georeferenced landslide, river-flood and urban-flood records from Calabria for 1900–2025. Comparative susceptibility models, regional AI synthesis and InSAR-informed risk mapping together separate apparent predictive skill from transferability, calibration, recurrence and exposure.
Time-resolved observations make hydrological memory measurable rather than implicit. Multi-year InSAR in Uttarakhand resolves an annual slow-landslide cycle with near-immediate rainfall response but delayed terrestrial-water-storage forcing; Xiluodu displacement modelling identifies reservoir- and rainfall-dependent lag windows before prediction; and multimethod decomposition in mining districts distinguishes overlapping deformation sources. These studies show that forcing, response time and deformation mechanism must be estimated jointly.
Earthquake and flood analyses challenge widely used simplifications. Global sequence statistics attribute much reported b-value variation to mainshock position within the sampled magnitude distribution, Maduo rupture mapping links surface-zone width to dynamic rupture behaviour, and probabilistic flood modelling replaces a single return-period footprint with expected annual inundation under compound coastal and river forcing. The common advance is explicit treatment of sampling geometry, dependence and uncertainty before hazard interpretation.
Subsurface infrastructure studies expose interactions that static safety checks suppress. Train vibration enlarges seepage-eroded zones around shield tunnels, long-term coastal consolidation redistributes tunnel loads, and hydraulic head sharply lowers the stability of pipe-roof-supported excavations. Continuous arch-ring reconstruction similarly moves dam surveillance from isolated gauges to morphology-level diagnosis. Loading history, water flow and spatial deformation therefore become part of the safety state rather than external corrections.
Key Trends
Five methodological shifts connect today's hazard, observation, and modelling studies.
- Validation is moving closer to deployment conditions: Spatial blocking, out-of-fold stacking, probability calibration and external-site tests are replacing random splits that can overstate susceptibility and deformation skill.
- Hydrological lag is becoming a modelled state variable: Rainfall, reservoir level, terrestrial water storage, groundwater and streamflow are resolved with distinct response windows instead of being treated as synchronous predictors.
- Multimodal sensing is being used to separate mechanisms: Optical, SAR, InSAR, GNSS, geological constraints and source-separation methods distinguish deformation processes that a single sensor would conflate.
- Hazard products are becoming probabilistic and exposure-aware: Expected annual inundation, calibrated susceptibility and scenario-dependent risk layers connect physical hazard estimates to where consequences can accumulate.
- Infrastructure safety is moving from isolated loads to coupled state evolution: Seepage, vibration, consolidation, stress-path unloading and spatial deformation are being evaluated together in tunnels, pipelines and dams.
Selected Papers
Calibrated debris-flow ensembles, seasonal and reservoir-landslide lag analysis, mechanism-separated mining deformation, and probabilistic compound-flood modelling anchor this issue. Coupled tunnel and dam studies quantify how seepage, vibration, consolidation and incomplete spatial sampling alter safety margins. Earthquake, DAS and InSAR studies further show how sampling geometry and observation physics condition the interpretation of rupture and deformation.
1. b-Values of Large Earthquake Sequences Depend on Their Mainshock Location
Core Problem: Reported b-value changes around major earthquakes may conflate physical stress evolution with where the mainshock lies inside the sampled magnitude distribution.
Key Innovation: A large-sequence comparison shows that mainshock location explains much of the apparent pre- and post-event b-value contrast, rejecting a universal precursor drop or aftershock increase and tightening how seismicity statistics should be interpreted.
2. Spatiotemporal characteristics and multiple coupling mechanisms of pre-seismic ionospheric electromagnetic anomalies before the Madoi earthquake
Core Problem: Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies are difficult to distinguish from background solar, geomagnetic and atmospheric variability.
Key Innovation: The Madoi analysis maps electromagnetic anomalies through space and time and evaluates multiple coupling pathways, providing an event-specific test of whether the signals are coherent before rupture.
3. Enhancing flood peak simulation in data-scarce mountain river basins: the CRFMODEL framework
Core Problem: Flood peaks in mountain basins are hard to simulate where gauges are sparse and runoff response is strongly nonlinear.
Key Innovation: CRFMODEL targets data-scarce basins with a framework designed around peak-flow fidelity, offering a transferable route to improve hazard-relevant hydrograph extremes rather than only average discharge.
4. Coseismic Surface Rupture Zone Widths of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo Earthquake in the Tibetan Plateau: Insights Into the Earthquake Dynamic Rupture Processes
Core Problem: Surface-rupture width is commonly mapped after earthquakes, but its relation to subsurface geometry and dynamic rupture remains weakly constrained.
Key Innovation: Field and remote observations of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo earthquake quantify along-strike rupture-zone widths and relate their variability to rupture dynamics across the Tibetan Plateau.
5. Performance and User Response of Android's Smartphone-Based Alerts in the 2025 Marmara Ereglisi Earthquake
Core Problem: Smartphone earthquake alerts can reach large populations, yet event-level delivery performance and user response are rarely measured together.
Key Innovation: The study evaluates Android alert timing and user-reported response during the 2025 Marmara Ereglisi earthquake, providing an empirical test of a crowdsourced public-warning system.
6. Beyond the 100-year flood: probabilistic flood hazard assessment for King and Pierce Counties under future climate scenarios
Core Problem: A single 100-year inundation map suppresses the probability distribution of compound river and coastal flooding and can misstate future exposure.
Key Innovation: SFINCS simulations integrate coastal and fluvial forcing into expected annual flooded area, revealing when sea-level rise pushes recurrent exposure beyond deterministic design-map assumptions.
7. Slow-moving landslide cycle induced by seasonal hydrological loading: a case study from Uttarakhand Himalaya, India
Core Problem: Seasonal displacement of slow-moving Himalayan landslides is difficult to attribute because rainfall and catchment-scale water storage act over different timescales.
Key Innovation: A 2017-2023 InSAR series resolves an annual movement cycle, near-zero rainfall lag and a two- to three-month terrestrial-water-storage lag, linking seasonal loading to transitions in slope motion.
8. DEDICA: A Database and Analytical Framework for Technology and Knowledge Transfer to Strengthen Territorial Governance
Core Problem: Hydrogeological risk planning is constrained when historical landslide and flood evidence remains fragmented across chronicles, archives and incompatible inventories.
Key Innovation: DEDICA validates and georeferences 5,329 landslides, 2,097 river floods and 1,711 urban floods in Calabria from 1900 to 2025, with a continuously updatable GIS structure designed for recurrence analysis, planning and expansion across southern Italy.
9. Decoupling Deep Mining and Tailings Consolidation-Induced Subsidence Using SBAS-InSAR and NMF: A Case Study at South Deep Gold Mine, South Africa
Core Problem: Mining districts can contain overlapping subsidence signals from deep extraction and tailings consolidation that conventional InSAR interpretation cannot readily separate.
Key Innovation: SBAS-InSAR and non-negative matrix factorization isolate spatially distinct deformation components at South Deep Gold Mine, enabling process-specific attribution rather than a single composite velocity field.
10. A hybrid approach combining meta-heuristic algorithm and machine learning for flood susceptibility mapping
Core Problem: Flood-susceptibility maps remain sensitive to model choice and to how optimization searches the parameter space.
Key Innovation: The study couples meta-heuristic optimization with machine learning and compares the resulting susceptibility surfaces, providing a reproducible route to test whether optimization improves spatial flood discrimination.
11. Artificial intelligence for remote sensing-based detection and prediction of landslides in Malaysia and Vietnam: A state-of-the-art review
Core Problem: Landslide AI studies in Malaysia and Vietnam use heterogeneous sensors, inventories and validation practices, limiting direct comparison and regional transfer.
Key Innovation: A structured review of 95 studies identifies the dominant remote-sensing and learning strategies in each country and exposes where data, reporting and validation gaps constrain operational use.
12. Comparative assessment of landslide susceptibility via the analytical hierarchy process, frequency ratio and Shannon’s entropy in the Piryu River Basin, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Core Problem: Landslide susceptibility in data-limited basins depends strongly on how factor weights and information content are estimated.
Key Innovation: A controlled comparison of analytical hierarchy process, frequency ratio and Shannon entropy over the same Piryu River Basin inventory finds Shannon entropy to provide the strongest discrimination, with an AUC of 0.8589.
13. DOME: a dynamic optimization meta-ensemble framework for debris-flow susceptibility assessment with SHAP-based interpretation
Core Problem: Debris-flow susceptibility models often mix spatial leakage, uncalibrated probabilities and opaque ensemble weighting, making high discrimination difficult to translate into trustworthy maps.
Key Innovation: DOME uses leak-free out-of-fold meta-ensembling, dynamic optimization, isotonic calibration, blocked spatial cross-validation and SHAP interpretation; its exposure layer also converts susceptibility into an infrastructure-relevant hazard product.
14. Optical-SAR and GIS fusion with physics-informed deep learning for enhanced InSAR-based deformation monitoring in hazard-prone environments
Core Problem: InSAR deformation monitoring in hazard-prone terrain is degraded by decorrelation and by weak integration of optical and geological evidence.
Key Innovation: The framework fuses optical, SAR and GIS information with a physics-informed U-Net and reliability-weighted SBAS processing, reducing GPS-referenced deformation error in the El Oued test area.
15. Lagged hydrological responses and wavelet-guided displacement prediction of reservoir landslides in the xiluodu reservoir area
Core Problem: Reservoir-landslide displacement responds to water-level and rainfall forcing with variable lags that static predictor windows cannot represent.
Key Innovation: Wavelet analysis identifies forcing-specific lag bands and guides a random-forest displacement model that reaches R2 = 0.958 and is tested at an external reservoir landslide.
16. Risk assessment of landslide and collapse disasters in mining area of Lishi using ensemble learning
Core Problem: Mining-area landslide and collapse risk requires joint treatment of susceptibility, observed deformation, exposure and rainfall-dependent change.
Key Innovation: A stacking ensemble combines 95 mapped events with InSAR and rainfall scenarios, achieving AUC = 0.926 and showing expansion of the high-risk area under intensified precipitation.
17. Seismic response and failure modes of offshore wind turbine with suction caisson jacket foundation in liquefiable layered soil: centrifuge model tests and numerical simulation
Core Problem: Offshore wind foundations in layered liquefiable soils can fail through coupled soil softening and foundation-structure response that simplified design models miss.
Key Innovation: Centrifuge tests and numerical simulation resolve liquefaction development and failure modes for a suction-caisson jacket foundation, directly linking layer configuration to seismic performance.
18. Enhancing water infiltration in a capillary barrier using superabsorbent polymers under extreme rainfall
Core Problem: Conventional capillary barriers have insufficient water-storage capacity under humid-climate extreme rainfall.
Key Innovation: Adding 0.75% superabsorbent polymer to the fine layer retained the full simulated 24-hour, 100-year Nanjing rainfall without percolation, while lower dosage exceeded storage capacity.
19. Three-dimensional geological modeling of joint-dense zones using multi-scale feature learning under incomplete resistivity data conditions
Core Problem: Joint-dense geological zones are difficult to reconstruct when resistivity coverage is incomplete and features occur at several scales.
Key Innovation: Multi-scale feature learning infers a three-dimensional geological model from incomplete geophysical data, targeting structural zones that control excavation and instability risk.
20. Toward Active Object Detection for UAVs in the Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset, Benchmark and Method
Core Problem: UAV detectors trained on passively collected images underrepresent the viewpoint changes and target-search decisions encountered during real flight.
Key Innovation: A large active-object-detection dataset and AOD-JEPA benchmark couple image evidence with acquisition behaviour, supporting hazard surveys in open, changing environments.
21. Glob3R: Global Structure-from-Motion with 3D Foundation Models
Core Problem: Structure-from-motion pipelines accumulate local matching errors and struggle to enforce a coherent scene at global scale.
Key Innovation: Glob3R uses priors from 3D foundation models to estimate a globally consistent reconstruction, reducing dependence on brittle pairwise geometry for large scenes.
22. Promptable Concept Segmentation from Above: Evaluating SAM 3's Zero-Shot and One-Shot Capabilities in Remote Sensing
Core Problem: Promptable segmentation models trained on natural imagery may not transfer reliably to overhead scenes or respond consistently to text and visual prompts.
Key Innovation: A zero- and one-shot evaluation of SAM 3 isolates scale, class and cross-modal prompt effects in remote sensing, exposing where apparent generality breaks down.
23. Inunda: A GPU-Native, Agent-enabled, Differentiable Solver for High-Resolution Flood Inundation Modeling
Core Problem: High-resolution flood solvers are computationally expensive and difficult to connect to gradient-based calibration or automated scientific workflows.
Key Innovation: Inunda provides a GPU-native differentiable inundation solver with agent-enabled interfaces, joining fast simulation, sensitivity analysis and parameter optimization in one computational system.
24. Zero-shot 3D General Obstacle Detection via Multimodal Foundation Models and Geometry
Core Problem: Open-world 3D obstacle detection must recognize unlabelled hazards at long range without retraining for every object class.
Key Innovation: The method combines multimodal foundation-model semantics with scene geometry in a training-free detector, improving general-obstacle recall at ranges relevant to mobile mapping.
25. Dam-break gravity current from reservoirs with varying volume and density contrast
Core Problem: Dam-break gravity currents combine rapid free-surface change, entrainment and boundary effects that are difficult to resolve experimentally and numerically.
Key Innovation: The study quantifies the evolving current under controlled conditions, supplying process evidence for validating fast flood-propagation models.
26. Sea-floor spreading captured by undersea observatory
Core Problem: Direct observation of submarine spreading and eruption is rare because most events occur beyond persistent instrument coverage.
Key Innovation: A seafloor observatory captures spreading as it occurs, providing an unusually direct record of the deformation and volcanic processes that generate subsea hazards.
27. Multi-Method Identification and Spatiotemporal Evolution Analysis of Active Deformation Areas in the Binchang Mining Area
Core Problem: Mining deformation evolves across multiple spatial scales, and a single detection method can confuse noise, transient motion and persistent subsidence.
Key Innovation: Multiple deformation-identification methods are combined to map active zones and track their temporal evolution in the Binchang mining area.
28. An uncertainty-aware framework with enhanced tree-based methods for CPT-based subsurface soil stratification toward geological disaster risk assessment
Core Problem: CPT-based soil stratification propagates classification uncertainty into subsurface models used for geological-hazard assessment.
Key Innovation: Enhanced tree ensembles quantify predictive uncertainty while identifying soil layers, protecting downstream risk analysis from overconfident stratigraphic boundaries.
29. Holocene tectonic activity and slip distribution along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust in Kumaun, central Himalaya
Core Problem: The late-Quaternary activity and segmentation of the Himalayan frontal thrust remain unevenly constrained by surface evidence.
Key Innovation: Geomorphic and chronological observations resolve Holocene deformation along the thrust, refining the spatial basis for regional earthquake-hazard interpretation.
30. A health outcome-informed vulnerability index and two-stage risk matrix approach to assessing future heat risk in Taiwan
Core Problem: Future heat risk cannot be inferred from temperature alone because exposure and social vulnerability change with climate and development pathways.
Key Innovation: The study combines projected heat hazard with population and vulnerability components to map how risk redistributes under future scenarios.
31. Morphology-consistent monitoring model for arch ring deformation in high arch dams for safety diagnosis
Core Problem: Sparse point gauges cannot distinguish local sensor disturbance from a coherent change in the deformation morphology of a high arch dam.
Key Innovation: A quadratic arch-ring representation updated by environmental random-forest regression reconstructs continuous deformation from discrete observations with mean relative error below 2% in numerical tests and stable performance on prototype monitoring data.
32. Self-sustaining slab dynamics of the underthrusting Indian lithosphere shaping the giant Himalayan Orocline
Core Problem: The geometry and evolution of the Indian slab beneath the Himalayan orocline govern regional deformation but remain contested.
Key Innovation: Integrated geophysical evidence constrains slab dynamics and their relationship to crustal structure, sharpening the tectonic context for seismic hazard.
33. Model tests on the evolution characteristics and aggravation effects of seepage erosion in shield tunnels under train vibration
Core Problem: The combined evolution of seepage erosion, soil-strength loss and shield-tunnel response under repeated train vibration is not captured by static erosion tests.
Key Innovation: Controlled model tests show that strong vibration increases cumulative soil loss by 32%, expands the disturbed zone by about 53% and deepens the maximum structural-load reduction from 28.3% to 36.8%.
34. Sustainable safety evaluation of shield tunnels in reclaimed coastal cities under long-term consolidation: A TD-DI-AHP and extension cloud model framework
Core Problem: Long-term consolidation in reclaimed coastal ground progressively changes tunnel-soil interaction, but conventional safety rankings rely heavily on subjective indicator weights.
Key Innovation: The framework combines remote sensing, physical tests and a soil-arching load model with theory-driven, data-informed weighting and an extension cloud model; its safety grades agree with measured convergence in Shenzhen Metro sections.
35. A stability analysis method for bench method tunnels with pipe roof support under seepage conditions
Core Problem: Pipe-roof-supported tunnel excavation in water-rich ground lacks a rapid stability method that explicitly includes seepage and construction geometry.
Key Innovation: A limit-equilibrium and strength-reduction solution quantifies hydraulic and round-length effects, finds safety-factor reductions of up to about 50%, and converts the results into design charts for rapid assessment.
36. Real-scale tests on the cyclic response of trees under toppling loads: experimental investigation and geotechnical interpretative framework
Core Problem: The collapse of trees, exacerbated by extreme weather events associated to climate change, has become a critical issue, particularly in urban environments where the assessment of tree stability is now an integral component of comprehensive risk management strategies.
Key Innovation: In this context, geotechnical engineering can provide a significant contribution to evaluate the overturning resistance of trees, particularly in cases where failure mechanisms are governed by root system uprooting.
37. Development of a shear damage constitutive model and dynamic slip numerical program for soil‒rock interfaces based on shear tests
Core Problem: Current analyses of excavation stability in soil and rock strata do not account for strength degradation due to interfacial sliding offset, resulting in errors.
Key Innovation: In this work, the morphological characteristics of the soil‒rock interface are statistically characterized, the shear mechanical properties and damage characteristics of the interface are elucidated through shear tests, a shear damage constitutive model is constructed, and an interface dynamic slip numerical program is developed.
38. DEM investigations on the effects of the intermediate principal stress ratio on the mechanical behavior of a tailings material
Core Problem: Conventional triaxial tests cannot represent how intermediate principal stress and particle breakage control the strength of tailings under three-dimensional stress paths.
Key Innovation: Breakage-enabled discrete-element true-triaxial simulations identify a threshold response near an intermediate-stress ratio of 0.75 and support a new strength criterion that resolves both macroscopic and contact-scale failure.
39. An NCL-dependent state parameter for constitutive modeling of clays
Core Problem: Clay models commonly require separate bounding surfaces or preconsolidation pressures to encode how overconsolidation history changes strength and dilatancy.
Key Innovation: An NCL-referenced density state parameter embeds stress history directly in the current clay state, enabling one model to reproduce compression, peak strength and shear dilatancy over varied overconsolidation ratios and loading paths.
40. Rock mass grade recognition of TBM tunnel based on multi-feature extraction, compression, and lightGBM
Core Problem: Currently, the research on the tunnel boring machine (TBM) tunnel rock mass grade recognition by using tunneling parameters rarely mines the geological information contained in the detailed distributions and relative changes of tunneling parameters.
Key Innovation: The results show that compared to the commonly adopted method of directly using tunneling parameters as the model’s inputs, the proposed multi-feature extraction and compression method can improve the model’s performance by 12.4%.
41. Visco-hypoplastic modelling of cyclic behaviour of saturated clays
Core Problem: Saturated-clay models struggle to reproduce rate dependence, residual-strain accumulation, load-reversal stiffness and anisotropic cyclic response within one formulation.
Key Innovation: A visco-hypoplastic model adds rate-coupled flow, intergranular strain and a transverse anisotropy state variable, matching drained and undrained cyclic tests on three clays.
42. Quantifying surface roughness heterogeneity and its contribution to roughness scale dependency in rock joints
Core Problem: Rock-joint roughness varies with both observation scale and spatial heterogeneity, yet most scale-effect studies do not separate these controls.
Key Innovation: An 800 mm by 800 mm granite surface was laser-scanned at 72 micrometre resolution and evaluated with sampling windows from 100 mm to 800 mm.
43. Effects of slurry and rock type on shear properties of grout-filled jointed rock: Experimental and numerical investigation
Core Problem: Direct-shear and nanoindentation tests were used to examine how grout and rock type control the progressive failure of grout-filled joints.
Key Innovation: The study develops an interfacial bond-strength model and finds a consistent strength-evolution pattern across specimens; mudstone treated with a high-performance composite cement shows the strongest reinforcement and the smallest interfacial transition zone.
44. Outer Size Evolution Pathways of Tropical Cyclones During Intensification
Core Problem: These types exhibit distinct evolutionary pathways: upward‐decile TCs expand quickly yet intensify slowly; downward‐decile TCs intensify rapidly with limited outer size growth; while stable‐decile TCs follow an intermediate path.
Key Innovation: These findings reveal a nonlinear relationship between outer size evolution and intensity change during intensification, offering new insights into TC development.
45. FloeNet: A Mass-Conserving Global Sea Ice Emulator That Generalizes Across Climates
Core Problem: The authors introduce FloeNet, a graph neural network trained to emulate the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory global sea ice model, SIS2.
Key Innovation: FloeNet outperforms a non‐conservative model at reproducing sea ice and snow‐on‐sea‐ice mean state, trends, and inter‐annual variability, with volume anomaly correlations above 0.96 in the Antarctic and 0.76 in the Arctic, across all forcings.
46. Quantifying Human and Climatic Contributions of Large-Scale Groundwater Recovery in the North China Plain
Core Problem: Although recent studies have identified thefactors contributing togroundwater recovery inthe North China Plain (NCP), themagnitude andinteractions ofthese drivers remain poorly quantified.
Key Innovation: Here we developed anintegrated surface-groundwater modeling framework thatcouples theCommunity Water Model withMODFLOW andincorporates apriority-based water allocation module torepresent conjunctive water use.
47. Observed Land Surface Influence on Atmospheric Heat and Moisture Profiles During Interstorms
Core Problem: The representation of L‐A feedbacks based on observations alone remains an ongoing challenge for understanding boundary layer development and precipitation.
Key Innovation: To address this gap, we use ground‐based passive remote sensing and in‐situ observations to present an analysis of the atmosphere during 103 interstorm soil moisture drydown events spanning nine warm seasons (2016–2024) in the U.S.
48. OmniMapBench: Benchmarking Visual-Centric Reasoning on Diverse Map Documents
Core Problem: A critical limitation is identified in many document understanding benchmarks: visual content is often reducible to text, enabling high performance without genuine visual grounding.
Key Innovation: To address this limitation, OmniMapBench is introduced to foster visual-centric reasoning for map documents.
49. Acceleration and Strain-Rate Elastic Wave Equation and its Finite-Difference Solution for Distributed Acoustic Sensing Seismic Simulations
Core Problem: DAS records axial strain or strain rate rather than the particle velocity used by conventional elastic-wave solvers, creating a mismatch between the observation and simulation domains.
Key Innovation: An acceleration-strain-rate first-order formulation reproduces conventional velocity-stress wavefields in finite-difference tests while generating DAS-compatible strain-rate output directly.
50. What VGGT Knows About Overlap: Probing Geometric Foundation Models for Co-Visibility
Core Problem: A fundamental challenge in 3D reconstruction and robotic localization is co-visibility: determining which image pairs share overlapping visible surfaces, particularly in scenarios with minimal overlap.
Key Innovation: early layers build a 3D-aware scene representation, while late layers act as dedicated co-visibility reasoners.
51. GReFEM: Multimodal LLMs as Zero-Shot Semantic Assistants for Physics-Guided 3D Mesh Refinement
Core Problem: Adaptive volumetric finite element meshing is a critical step in computer-aided engineering and analysis that dictates the computational budget of a given problem.
Key Innovation: To investigate this, we introduce GReFEM (Geometric Reasoning Enhanced Multimodal LLMs for Finite Element Meshing), a framework that utilizes MLLMs to visually localize stress-critical regions based on physics-guided textual prompts.
52. How Can Machine Learning Emulators Best Support Climate Science?
Core Problem: Their application is, however, constrained by significant computational and technical demands.
Key Innovation: In practice, climate scientists often bypass emulators altogether, and machine learning researchers frequently develop them as methodological showcases without proving their practical utility.
53. Incorporating rock joint behavior into a geomechanical-hydrogeological model to more realistically represent caving propagation
Core Problem: In cave mining environments, where the rock mass behaves as a continuous medium and the broken material as a discontinuous medium, groundwater flow modelling and management are inherently complex.
Key Innovation: In this work, we applied a previously developed geomechanical-hydrogeological methodology to simulate groundwater flow during the propagation stage of caving, incorporating the rock joints behavior.
54. SPH-porous media modelling of wave overtopping at rubble-mound revetments
Core Problem: The study presents a comprehensive validation and application of an advanced Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method for investigating wave overtopping at rubble-mound coastal revetments.
Key Innovation: The numerical framework is based on the SPH-porous media model developed by Jandaghian et al.
55. Noise Analysis of Global Continuous GPS Horizontal Position Time Series in IGS20 Solutions
Core Problem: Horizontal GPS velocities and their uncertainties depend strongly on the assumed colored-noise process, so an incorrect noise model can make long-term motion appear more precise than it is.
Key Innovation: Restricted maximum-likelihood analysis of more than ten years of IGS20 data from 5,168 stations finds power-law or flicker plus white noise at most sites, but random walk at about 14%; ignoring the latter understates median velocity uncertainty by roughly 2.5 times.
56. PISEM: A Physics-Informed Spatiotemporal Encoding Model for Sea Surface Temperature Prediction
Core Problem: However, accurate prediction of future SST faces two primary challenges: capturing intricate spatiotemporal dependences across sea regions and incorporating underlying physical laws into prediction frameworks.
Key Innovation: To address these challenges, a physics-informed spatiotemporal encoding model (PISEM) is developed for SST prediction to capture the implicit spatiotemporal correlations supervised by physical constraints.
57. Glacier Monitoring Using a Dual-Receiver Radar Architecture: Test Case of the Debris-Covered Forca Glacier
Core Problem: However, investigating the internal structure of debris-covered glaciers poses significant challenges, as the heterogeneous nature of the propagation medium compromises the reliability of traditional monitoring techniques that rely on a-priori wave speed assumptions.
Key Innovation: In this article, we present an innovative radar technique based on a dual-receiver architecture capable of simultaneously retrieving the wave speed and the depth of the targets.
58. A Novel Deep Learning Approach for Interferometric Phase Linking in Distributed Scatterer Interferometry
Core Problem: However, the phase linking (PL) step in DSI remains computationally intensive, posing challenges for large-scale applications.
Key Innovation: In this study, we propose a novel deep learning-based PL approach that effectively integrates spatiotemporal information from time-series interferograms to achieve rapid and robust phase optimization.
59. Adaptive Endmember Bundle Extraction With a Modified Differential Evolution Algorithm for Addressing Spectral Variability in Geology-1 Hyperspectral Imagery
Core Problem: Mineral spectra vary across complex geological settings, while existing endmember-bundle algorithms are too slow or unstable for high-dimensional hyperspectral imagery.
Key Innovation: ADE-EBE converts the discrete search into a lower-dimensional continuous optimization and uses adaptive differential evolution to select endmember bundles, improving spectral fidelity, abundance accuracy and runtime on simulations and Geology-1 imagery.
60. Monitoring Forest Foliar Moisture Using Sentinel-2 Reflectance and Radiative Transfer Model Inversion in Australia
Core Problem: Foliar moisture content (FMC) of tree canopies is important for understanding many aspects of biodiversity, including habitat quality for forest-dependent fauna and fire risk due to fuel conditions.
Key Innovation: The RF emulator allowed efficient computation and presentation of a forest FMC data cube that is novel in its large extent and high spatial resolution, and in its direct and immediate utility for research and management in animal, fire, and plant ecology.
61. Global Gross Primary Production Data Fusion by Triple Collocation Analysis From 1992 to 2018
Core Problem: But the huge uncertainty between different products also brings challenges.
Key Innovation: In this article, we evaluate the error variance (errVar) of EC_LUE GPP (GPPEC), NIRv GPP (GPPNIRv), and TL_LUE GPP (GPPTL) using triple collocation (TC), with GPPEC having the smallest errVar.
62. Recent summer soil moisture drying in Switzerland based on measurements from the SwissSMEX network
Core Problem: The authors present curated time series of in situ soil moisture measurements from the Swiss Soil Moisture Experiment (SwissSMEX) network, covering the period 2010-2025.
Key Innovation: The VWC measurements are used to compute integrated soil water content (IWC) down to 50 cm depth as an indicator of root-zone water.
63. Long-term irrigation water use datasets from multiple Earth Observation-based methods in major irrigated regions
Core Problem: Irrigation water use (IWU) is widely considered the largest direct human intervention in the terrestrial water cycle, yet it remains poorly characterised at the spatial and temporal scales required for climate research.
Key Innovation: The authors present a long-term archive of monthly IWU estimates at 0.25° spatial resolution for four major irrigated regions - the contiguous United States (CONUS), India, the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia, and the Ebro Basin in Spain - spanning up to two decades depending on input data availability.
64. New framework for benchmarking decadal predictions leveraging the PCMDI Metric Package with interactive visualization
Core Problem: Reliable climate predictions across multiple timescales are increasingly critical as climate-related risks continue to rise.
Key Innovation: Here, we present a comprehensive evaluation framework based on the PCMDI Metric Package to assess the performance of multiple decadal climate prediction systems.
65. Future global water scarcity partially moderated by vegetation responses to rising CO2
Core Problem: However, combined vegetation stomatal and structural responses increase overall water supply and partially alleviate water scarcity in most regions, mainly because of CO 2 -induced reduced stomatal opening.
Key Innovation: To evaluate how such vegetation responses to rising CO 2 and subsequent climate change affect water scarcity in typical impact studies, we replicate their experimental design by driving an offline land surface model with Earth system model output.
66. Understanding changes in Iceland's streamflow dynamics in response to climate change
Core Problem: The country's heavy reliance on hydropower, without interconnections to other electricity markets, makes understanding these changes critical.
Key Innovation: Significant warming has occurred in both periods, and precipitation has increased, with the most pronounced intensification in September.
67. Hydroclimate controls Congo peatland net oxygen release over the past 10,600 years
Core Problem: The burial of organic matter in marine environments is considered the dominant long-term source of atmospheric oxygen, yet the contribution of terrestrial burial remains poorly constrained.
Key Innovation: Quantifying any oxygen surplus associated with organic matter burial conventionally assumes a 1:1 oxygen-to-carbon stoichiometry.
68. West versus Central Tibet exhumation difference influenced by Indian slab underthrusting
Core Problem: The history of plateau development and its mechanistic links to underthrusting of the Indian plate beneath the Asian plate remain controversial.
Key Innovation: Central Tibet has experienced slow exhumation from ~45 million years ago (Ma) to the present while Western Tibet underwent moderate-to-rapid exhumation between 45 and 20 Ma at a rate that exceeds the modern value by an order of magnitude.
69. Tall and small trees are equally vulnerable to drought
Core Problem: Extreme tree height is expected to impose hydraulic costs that could make tropical canopy giants more vulnerable to severe drought than smaller trees.
Key Innovation: This News & Views analysis highlights evidence that dipterocarp water-transport systems compensate for gravity and that tall and small trees can show comparable drought vulnerability, refining how forest hydraulic risk is interpreted.
70. DeltaLatent: a latent-space framework for delta morphology classification
Core Problem: River deltas exhibit a wide range of morphologies shaped by the balance between fluvial, wave, and tidal processes, yet existing classification frameworks often rely on qualitative descriptions or data-intensive environmental metrics that are not consistently available at global scales.
Key Innovation: To address these limitations, we present DeltaLatent, a deep-learning workflow that classifies delta morphotypes using only satellite imagery and latent-space representations.
71. Physics-Guided cGAN with Multi-Scale Attention for Robust 2D Phase Unwrapping in Low-Coherence Regions
Core Problem: InSAR phase unwrapping becomes ill posed where decorrelation violates phase-continuity assumptions, causing large errors precisely in difficult terrain and deformation zones.
Key Innovation: A physics-guided cGAN combines multi-scale receptive fields, low-coherence-focused adversarial learning and explicit wrapping and path-continuity constraints, improving RMSE and structural similarity under severe noise and discontinuities.
72. A New Deep Learning Method for Sea Fog Detection Using Fengyun-4A Satellite Data
Core Problem: Satellite sea-fog mapping must resolve local texture and broad spatial structure while separating fog from spectrally similar cloud.
Key Innovation: HA-ENASnet couples local-global linear attention with neural architecture search and channel attention; it leads six comparison models, raises IoU by 3.08 points over the next-best model and transfers to Himawari-8 observations.
73. Spatiotemporal Variations in Terrestrial Water Storage and Water Scarcity Assessment Across China Based on TWSA_BTCH
Core Problem: The results indicate that: (1) The spatially averaged uncertainty of the TWSA_BTCH over China is 8.13 mm, which is lower than those of TWSA_average (12.51 mm), TWSA_CSR (23.43 mm), TWSA_GSFC (29.79 mm), and TWSA_JPL (31.76 mm).
Key Innovation: The national average value of the WSTWS_based index decreased from 0.32 during 2003–2012 to 0.28 over 2013–2023, which indicates that the pressure of nationwide water scarcity has been alleviated to a certain extent, while the whole country still faces a moderate water shortage status.
74. Evolution of pore-structure connectivity in water-saturated weathered granite under freeze-thaw cycles and effects on crack propagation
Core Problem: Understanding how pore-structure changes drive crack propagation is critical for addressing stability problems in cold-region rock engineering.
Key Innovation: The study investigates the evolution of pore-structure connectivity in water-saturated weathered granite during F-T cycling and its influence on crack propagation, providing insights essential for improving the safety and durability of rock engineering projects in cold environments.
75. Investigation of frost heave deformation characteristics and damage mechanisms in fractured rocks under cyclic freezing-thawing
Core Problem: The water ice phase transformation phenomenon of fractured rocks during freeze-thaw (F-T) cycle leads to frost heaving force in rock mass.
Key Innovation: The study conducts frost heaving strain monitoring tests to experimentally investigate the frost heave deterioration mechanism of fractured rock samples drilled from plateaus in China.
76. Experimental and numerical investigation on the shear mechanical behaviors and failure mechanisms of silty mudstone under seepage-stress coupling
Core Problem: The stability of engineering rock mass is significantly affected by the combined effects of hydraulic and mechanical processes.
Key Innovation: The study aims to investigate the hydro-mechanical behaviors and multiscale failure mechanisms of silty mudstone under seepage-stress coupling conditions.
77. Mechanical responses of super-large-span variable cross-section tunnels in weak surrounding rock: A case study and the application of a novel constitutive model
Core Problem: Weak-rock tunnels with very large, changing cross-sections develop asymmetric loads and stress concentrations that standard section-scale analyses do not resolve.
Key Innovation: Field monitoring, laboratory strain-softening tests and a Hoek-Brown-based FLAC3D constitutive model show how rock pillars, temporary diaphragms and span transitions redistribute deformation and concentrate stress at arch shoulders.
78. Numerical investigation of mechanical degradation of soil arching in gap-graded soils induced by suffusion
Core Problem: Understanding suffusion-induced soil arching degradation is essential for the stability assessment and risk mitigation of geotechnical infrastructures when subjected to seepage flow.
Key Innovation: Results reveal that dense soil is less susceptible to suffusion thus retain an arching integrity and anisotropic fabric, while the loose soil is subjected to a substantial fine loss thus a secondary arching is formed upon the original protected zone.
79. Failure Behavior of Deep Tunnels Subjected to TBM-Induced Dynamic Disturbance
Core Problem: TBM vibration perturbs an already heterogeneous near-tunnel stress field, but the radial decay and stress dependence of the resulting strength loss remain poorly quantified.
Key Innovation: True-triaxial tests following in-situ-derived stress paths show accelerated cracking, a shear-to-tensile failure shift and strength reductions from 11.72% near the sidewall to 1.04% farther away, controlled by principal-stress contrast.
80. Rock Bolt Support Design for Bedded Soft Rock Tunnels Using Block-Based Discontinuity Layout Optimization
Core Problem: Uniform bolt patterns neglect the bedding-controlled blocks and asymmetric slip surfaces that govern shallow soft-rock tunnel instability.
Key Innovation: A block-discontinuity model couples bolt energy dissipation with iterative layout optimization, concentrating support around critical blocks and reducing average bolt material by 17.6% while maintaining safety factors.
81. Semi-Analytical Study on SH-Wave Scattering by a Lining Structure of a Rectangular Tunnel in a Quarter-Space
Core Problem: Rectangular tunnel linings beneath intersecting free surfaces cannot be represented reliably by circular-cavity or half-space seismic-scattering solutions.
Key Innovation: A semi-analytical image-method and conformal-mapping solution satisfies lining-rock continuity in a quarter-space and reveals periodic corner stress bands plus a frequency-dependent reversal in the effect of lining stiffness.
82. Toward sustainable mining: Experiment-based comparative investigation of energy absorption techniques for reducing air overpressure and enhancing rock fragmentation
Core Problem: Blasting controls often treat air overpressure and fragmentation separately and overlook the contribution of exposed detonating accessories.
Key Innovation: Seven quarry blasts show that covering detonating cord with clay-filled jute bags reduces air overpressure by 14% and improves fragmentation by 8%, outperforming equal-mass mud capping on both outcomes.
83. Thermal fracturing mechanism of marble driven by grain-scale anisotropic thermal expansion and interfacial thermal resistance: insights from a peridynamic study
Core Problem: However, existing numerical models are mostly based on isotropic or single mechanical weakening assumptions, making it difficult to explain how the anisotropic thermal expansion of crystals and the thermal resistance of grain boundaries synergistically induce the development of crack patterns.
Key Innovation: The study proposes a thermal-mechanical coupled bond-based peridynamics (BB-PD) model that considers grain-scale anisotropy.
84. A retrieval-augmented, domain-intelligent agentic framework for reliable decision support in safety-critical nuclear engineering
Core Problem: Reliable decision support in nuclear engineering requires traceable retrieval from technical documentation, yet conventional deployment of pretrained large language models (LLMs) in specialized workflows remains vulnerable to fragmented source access, weak traceability, and hallucination.
Key Innovation: The study presents RADIANT-LLM (Retrieval-Augmented, Domain-Intelligent Assistant for Nuclear Technologies using LLMs), a training-free, local-first multimodal visual retrieval-augmented generation (Visual-RAG) framework for nuclear safety, security, and safeguards applications.
85. Hydrogeomorphology of headwater streams
Core Problem: Delineation depends on accurate mapping of channel heads, which remains challenging.
Key Innovation: Consequently, headwaters are underrepresented in river network maps.
86. Risks of mercury release from disturbance of blue carbon ecosystems
Core Problem: While BCEs are recognized carbon sinks, their role as mercury (Hg) sinks and the risk of their conversion into sources due to human and climatic disturbances remain unexplored.
Key Innovation: These findings reframe BCE conservation as simultaneously a carbon, contaminant, and food-security imperative, underscoring the need for legacy-Hg governance alongside atmospheric emission controls under the Minamata Convention.
87. Linking Himalayan uplift to crustal deformation: Structural and multi-chronometer constraints from the Kangmar dome
Core Problem: Collectively, the deformation history of the Kangmar dome provides critical insights into the tectonic evolution of this collisional orogen, including its uplift history.
Key Innovation: To elucidate the crustal processes that accompanied the rise of the Himalayas, we investigated the deformational history of the Kangmar dome in the eastern Himalayas.
88. Arsenic (As) in global groundwater system: Sources, hydro-biogeochemical controls, and future perspectives
Core Problem: Arsenic (As) contamination of groundwater is a major global water-quality challenge, threatening drinking-water safety and food security for an estimated 300-500 million people worldwide.
Key Innovation: This review synthesizes current knowledge of As mobilization, fate, and transport by integrating redox transformations, pH-dependent sorption-desorption reactions, microbial metabolism, groundwater flow dynamics, and climate-driven hydrological variability across major aquifer systems.
89. Discussion on “Lucchi, F., Ciuccarelli, C., De Astis, G., & Tranne, C. (2025). Revised historical sources on the eruptive activity and chronology of Vulcano Island (Italy). Earth-Science Reviews, 105284.”
Core Problem: Conflicting historical, stratigraphic, paleomagnetic and radiometric interpretations leave the chronology and style of several Vulcano Island eruptions unresolved.
Key Innovation: The comment tests proposed Roman, Medieval and nineteenth-century event assignments against independent geological evidence and argues that volcanic histories used in hazard assessment require multidisciplinary reconciliation.
90. Leveraging EMIT spectroscopy and machine learning to estimate soil texture and particle grain size in dust-producing regions
Core Problem: Overall, our approach indicates the value of imaging spectrometer data for estimation of surface grain size for application to EMIT's primary mission of better constraining dust radiative forcing, though additional paired soil spectra-texture measurements would improve results.
Key Innovation: The primary mission of NASA's Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) is to improve our understanding of mineral dust in atmospheric radiative forcing using a novel set of spectroscopically-based mineral observations.
91. A 4D look-bin-space-time (LBiST) approach for waveform decontamination and range determination in SAR altimetry
Core Problem: Inland-water SAR-altimetry waveforms are contaminated by surrounding land and vary across adjacent looks, limiting range and water-level retrieval from conventional Level-2 processing.
Key Innovation: The four-dimensional look-bin-space-time method exploits spatial and temporal structure in Sentinel-3 Level-1BS waveforms to isolate water returns and determine range in geometrically difficult inland settings.
92. Towards operational automated greenhouse gas plume detection and delineation
Core Problem: Facility-scale greenhouse-gas plume detection remains difficult to automate because labels, campaign sampling and model objectives can introduce spatiotemporal bias.
Key Innovation: A multitask network jointly detects plume instances and segments their pixels across airborne and spaceborne campaigns; source- and region-specific tests define deployment thresholds, and the study releases analysis-ready data, models and code.
93. Unveiling forest vertical structure across China through stratified effective plant area index using extensive UAV LiDAR and multi-source remote sensing data
Core Problem: Consequently, a fully comprehensive and spatially explicit characterization of forest vertical structure remains unavailable.
Key Innovation: Quantifying vertical stratification is essential for understanding forest structural complexity, assessing forest stability, and supporting forest management and conservation.
94. Basal area loss from fire using field-calibrated remote sensing refines western US fire severity measurements
Core Problem: One meaningful metric of fire effects on forests is proportion basal area loss, but existing methods are limited by a lack of region-specific field reference data and a scalable mapping framework.
Key Innovation: Remote sensing advancements have improved burn severity mapping, but methods vary in interpretability, scalability, generalizability, and alignment with field measurements.
95. Monitoring mining impacts using harmonic decomposition of time series vegetation indices
Core Problem: Global mining operations cause significant vegetation disturbance, yet their cumulative footprint remains poorly quantified.
Key Innovation: In this contribution, we integrate vegetation index time series with a domain-adapted breakpoint detection approach, Seasonal Harmonic Anomaly Break Analysis (SHABA), to detect multiple abrupt and subtle vegetation changes associated with mining activities.
96. Unveiling strong microclimatic cooling by small wetlands in China: landscape context-dependent spatial and climatic drivers
Core Problem: Small wetlands (SWs, <8 ha) are numerically dominant globally, yet their disproportionate microclimatic regulation remains insufficiently understood across contrasting landscape contexts and hydroclimatic gradients.
Key Innovation: Here, we quantified growing-season cooling intensity (WCI, land surface temperature reductions) and efficiency (WCE, cooling area per unit wetland area) of 21,879 SWs across China, while elucidating the dominant climatic and spatial drivers governing their variability, through the integration of high-resolution remote sensing, detailed morphological metrics, and interpretable machine-learning.
97. Enhanced daily retrieval of Evapotranspiration from a Transformer-based deep learning model combined with satellite passive microwave and optical observations
Core Problem: Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key component influencing Earth’s hydrological cycle and energy balance.
Key Innovation: The study proposed a novel lightweight model to achieve daily ET estimations, which combined convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for local temporal feature extractions and Transformer’s self-attention mechanism for long-term temporal dependencies.
98. Mapping the extent, type and remnant areas of the coastal dunes of Australia and New Zealand by integrating multi-source data
Core Problem: Coastal dunes are spectrally and morphologically heterogeneous, preventing consistent continental-scale separation of active, stabilized and wetland dune classes.
Key Innovation: Geological masks, object-based analysis and random forests produce a six-class, 10 m map across Australia and New Zealand with 90.68% overall accuracy, while quantifying urban conversion and protected-area coverage.
99. Geomorphology-constrained bathymetric inversion of turbid tidal channels using centerline-network priors and machine learning
Core Problem: Bathymetric inversion in turbid tidal channels remains challenging because of degraded bottom-related optical signals and complex-branched channel networks.
Key Innovation: The results show that the main bottleneck in turbid tidal-channel inversion is not only optical degradation, but also the lack of geomorphic organization in model design.
100. Multi-source complementary feature self-integration network for geological lithology interpretation
Core Problem: Lithology mapping from multiple remote-sensing sources is hindered by mismatched feature structure and the fragmented geometry of geological units.
Key Innovation: CFSI-Net learns complementary cross-source features and reintegrates them within a unified lithology classifier, targeting both heterogeneous sensor information and spatially discontinuous rock units.
101. Simulating potential landward migration pattern of mangrove wetlands under the ‘two-way squeeze’ from sea level rise and human activities
Core Problem: Mangroves play critical roles in carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and coastal protection.
Key Innovation: To address this, we developed a multi-scenario assessment framework based on the Sea Level Affecting Marsh Model (SLAMM) that integrates high-resolution DEM, land-use dynamics, and regional hydrological parameters.
102. Limitations of interpreting orbiting satellite-based fire detection for crop residue burning: Has rice straw burning in northwest India decreased in recent years?
Core Problem: However, because RSB fires are typically extinguished within an hour, orbiting satellites represent only a small fraction of the daily total active fires.
Key Innovation: The authors investigated the effects of cloud cover, estimated the number of fires obscured by clouds using Gaussian fitting, and explored potential fires occurring outside the satellite’s observation times.
103. High-resolution (30-m) multi-decadal reconstruction of coastal water quality via Landsat-Sentinel fusion and ensemble machine learning (1985-2024)
Core Problem: However, current monitoring capabilities are constrained by a trade-off between the high accuracy of sparse in-situ sampling and the broad coverage but coarse resolution of traditional ocean color satellites.
Key Innovation: To bridge this gap, this study establishes a cloud-native framework coupling multi-source satellite fusion with machine learning to reconstruct a high-resolution (30 m) water quality dataset for the coastal waters of Guangdong, China, spanning a 40-year period.
104. Increasing destabilization risks of global terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks
Core Problem: Nature-based Solutions in climate mitigation depend on the stability of terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks, yet associated risks under climate change remain inadequately quantified.
Key Innovation: The authors quantified the global carbon sink destabilization risks using early warning signals from net biome production (NBP) across 13 dynamic global vegetation models, including temporal autocorrelation (NBPAuto) and variability (NBPPV) from 1981 to 2020.
105. The coarse-grained active layer as a thermal shield: Mechanisms of ice-debris complexes preservation at a retreating glacier margin in the Tianshan Mountains, China
Core Problem: These transitional processes have significant implications for geomorphological evolution and water supply in arid high-mountain regions; however, our understanding of the thermal mechanisms governing their evolution and long-term stabilization remains limited.
Key Innovation: The study evaluates the thermal evolution and heat transfer regimes at a retreating glacier margin in the Aerzailaikunai Valley in the eastern Tianshan Mountains in China based on the results of in-situ observations and measurements (ground temperature monitoring, pit excavation, and microclimatic measurements).
106. 3D numerical analysis of cutterhead rotation and geometry effects on EPB tunnel face stability
Core Problem: Safe EPB face pressure depends on cutterhead rotation, opening geometry, cover and nonlinear sand response, interactions that static Mohr-Coulomb analyses simplify.
Key Innovation: Three-dimensional hypoplastic simulations show 15-30% higher critical pressures than Mohr-Coulomb models, quantify rotation-induced demand and identify a closed-centre cutterhead geometry that most consistently stabilizes the face.
107. A maximum velocity mapping approach for damage prediction in underground tunnelling destressing blasting
Core Problem: Empirical peak-particle-velocity thresholds do not describe the three-dimensional blast-damage envelope or its sensitivity to charge design and boundary interaction.
Key Innovation: Maximum-velocity mapping links PPV criteria to physics-based simulation, reproduces instrumented tests and quantifies large changes in damage volume with initiation point, detonation velocity and charge length.
108. Rapid 2D assessment model for tunnelling-induced damage in masonry buildings
Core Problem: Detailed three-dimensional soil-tunnel-building models are too costly for rapid screening of masonry-building damage during urban tunnelling.
Key Innovation: R2M couples a one-dimensional soil-foundation model to a two-dimensional equivalent masonry frame and reproduces benchmark displacement, strain, plasticity and damage categories at a fraction of the computational cost.
109. Spatio-temporal evolution patterns and mechanism models of electric potential during the Brazilian splitting failure of sandstone
Core Problem: The study investigates the spatio-temporal evolution of surface electric potential (EP) signals during Brazilian splitting of coarse sandstone, aiming to elucidate the physical mechanisms governing electrical responses throughout the rock fracture process.
Key Innovation: These findings demonstrate that surface EP monitoring, combined with AE and DIC, provides a comprehensive multi-physics approach for characterizing rock fracture evolution, offering new insights for fracture monitoring and dynamic disaster early warning in underground engineering.
110. A mechanics-energy-consistent criterion for predicting peak shear strength of rough rock joints
Core Problem: The proposed criterion satisfies both mechanical and geometrical constraints and owns excellent mathematical continuity and predictability across the whole normal stress spectrum.
Key Innovation: Here we propose a mechanics-driven, energy conservative criterion to predict the peak shear strength of rough rock joints.
111. Dynamic response and fracture mechanisms of cubic jointed rock under true triaxial static-dynamic loading
Core Problem: Rock masses typically exist in a three-dimensional stress state and are often subjected to a combination of in-situ stresses, static loads, and dynamic engineering loads.
Key Innovation: To investigate their mechanical behavior under dynamic conditions, a series of impact tests were conducted on both intact and jointed rock specimens.
112. Combined effects of wetting-drying cycles and repeated dynamic tensions on the fatigue damage behaviour of sandstone: An experimental investigation
Core Problem: However, understanding of rock fatigue behaviour under the coupling effect of W-D cycles and repeated dynamic tensions is limited.
Key Innovation: The total damage of the W-D cyclic sandstone specimens during cyclic impact is characterized by three stages, i.e., a rapid increase in the initial stage, a slow development in the middle stage, and a sharp increase in the final stage.
113. Influence of fluid chemical composition on fracture toughness and frictional strength weakening: Sandstone brittle and ductile strength constraints
Core Problem: This experimental dataset provides new insight that constrains the micromechanical mechanisms relevant to porous rock deformation in the presence of natural and anthropogenic fluid-saturated environments, necessary for safe geo-reservoir exploitation.
Key Innovation: Here, we investigate the influence of fluids and fluid composition on Adamswiller sandstone's mode-I fracture toughness and frictional strength.
114. Grain-size dependence of acoustic emissions in oscillatory crack propagation
Core Problem: However, the underlying mechanism of grain size-dependent AE remains unclear.
Key Innovation: In this study, we employ an experimentally validated peridynamics model to systematically investigate how grain size influences AE.
115. A rock fracture shear strength model based on multi-scale refined quantification of asperities on fracture surfaces
Core Problem: A new physically based shear strength model is proposed to explicitly account for the shear-resistance contributions asperities with different scales of rock fracture surfaces.
Key Innovation: A quantitative multiscale roughness characterization method based on wavelet decomposition is developed, through which fracture profiles and corresponding asperity angles at different scales are extracted.
116. Delayed and asymmetric groundwater responses to meteorological forcing across Germany revealed by lagged mutual information
Core Problem: Yet controls on recharge-groundwater response lags and their dependence on wet versus dry antecedent states remain poorly resolved at national scales.
Key Innovation: Using 32 years of weekly records from 3207 monitoring wells across Germany, we apply a model-free information-theoretic framework to quantify seasonal lagged dependence between an effective recharge proxy and groundwater levels.
117. How does temperature causally influence short-term streamflow response? Evidence from 1604 catchments across the UK, Central Europe, and Australia
Core Problem: While its influence on streamflow has mainly been studied in terms of long-term mean changes, effects on precipitation, or extreme events, its short-term causal effects across long historical records remain poorly understood.
Key Innovation: Here, we investigate the immediate (within a few days) causal effect of temperature on streamflow across 1604 catchments spanning diverse hydroclimatic regions.
118. A critical evaluation of water balance in the Yellow River Source Region
Core Problem: Most hydrological models assume that water is balanced within topographic basin boundaries, but this basin-closure assumption is rarely critically evaluated, especially in the Yellow River Source Region (YRSR).
Key Innovation: Here we evaluate water-balance closure for the YRSR upstream of Tangnaihai by combining two complementary lines of evidence: a multi-source water-balance diagnosis based on independent products of precipitation, evapotranspiration, observed runoff, and terrestrial water storage for 1984-2020, and a process-based modified abcd (Mabcd) simulation that explicitly represents groundwater storage and intercatchment exchange.
119. Evaluation of groundwater vulnerability in an alluvial aquifer using FEM-based VES modelling and hydrochemical analysis: a case study from Kasur, Pakistan
Core Problem: Industrial and agricultural contamination in alluvial aquifers is difficult to attribute where subsurface structure and groundwater chemistry are assessed separately.
Key Innovation: Fifty-two electrical soundings, finite-element resistivity inversion and hydrochemistry jointly map aquifer vulnerability and water quality in Kasur; low-resistivity zones coincide with high salinity indicators and implicate industrial effluent infiltration.
120. A unified effective stress and water retention model for unsaturated soils with uni- and dual-porosity structures based on pore-size distribution
Core Problem: However, most existing formulations of Bishop’s effective stress parameter χ and SWRC models are developed independently, without explicitly incorporating pore-size distribution (PSD) evolution within a consistent framework, particularly for soils exhibiting uni- or dual-porosity structures.
Key Innovation: Results demonstrate that the proposed model captures key microstructure-driven behaviours, including capillary stress decay under significant drying, the transition between inter- and intra-aggregate pore contributions in dual-porosity soils, and the influence of intra-aggregate pore ratio on shear strength mobilisation.
121. Three-dimensional thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of fractured porous media with two-phase fluid flow using the Extended-Element Free Galerkin Method
Core Problem: Simulation of crack growth under thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) condition has become increasingly important in a wide range of engineering applications such as hydrocarbon reservoir stimulation, deep underground geothermal energy extraction, Carbon capture and storage in geological formations, etc.
Key Innovation: In this paper, a newly developed three-dimensional Extended Element Free Galerkin (XEFG) code is introduced that can elegantly model the advancement of discontinuities in saturated and unsaturated soil/rock formations.
122. TBM-induced pile response in urban tunnelling: Simplified 3D finite element modelling validated against the TULIP full-scale experiment
Core Problem: Urban shield tunnelling can alter the settlement and load transfer of existing piles, but detailed staged three-dimensional simulations are cumbersome for design use.
Key Innovation: A simplified swelling-method model reproduces ground settlement and the measured pile-head settlement order in the full-scale TULIP experiment, while explicitly identifying overprediction of axial-force redistribution for offset piles.
123. Dynamic mechanical analysis for sands using a shear rheometer: Experimental procedure and benchmarking with conventional tests
Core Problem: No single conventional test readily spans the low-confinement strain range needed to characterize modulus degradation and damping in loose dry sands.
Key Innovation: A shear-rheometer dynamic mechanical analysis covers shear strains from 10^-6 to 10^-2 and agrees with resonant-column and cyclic-test benchmarks, providing a continuous route to dynamic soil properties.
124. Shear Behavior and Constitutive Modeling of Rock Joints after Hydromechanical Coupling under Low Normal Stress
Core Problem: Water exposure and pre-stress alter the staged shear failure of rock joints under low normal stress, where conventional single-peak constitutive laws are inadequate.
Key Innovation: Direct shear and acoustic-emission tests support a five-stage empirical law that includes nonlinear immersion- and pre-stress-dependent degradation; fitted curves achieve R2 above 0.92.
125. Study on the influence and control of pipeline deformation caused by underground excavation of metro stations considering soil unloading stress paths
Core Problem: Using loading-path soil strength in metro-excavation models can overestimate resistance and underpredict deformation of nearby buried pipelines.
Key Innovation: Unloading-path triaxial tests supply stress-history-consistent parameters to a station-excavation model, resolving pipeline-specific deformation and supporting targeted control measures for the Nanjing case study.
126. Assessment of crack and damage evolution in granite under monotonic and cyclic loading using computed tomography scanning
Core Problem: However, in cyclic tests, cracks developed at lower stress levels due to the fatigue phenomenon.
Key Innovation: Thus, examining the growth and development of cracks under these loading conditions is important.
127. Effect of joint roughness on shear behavior of red sandstone clay infilling
Core Problem: The shear behavior of naturally infilling rock joints is important in the stability evaluation of engineering rock masses.
Key Innovation: In this study, the effect of roughness on the shear behavior of infilling joints is investigated experimentally.
128. Competitive crack evolution in flawed rocks under thermal-mechanical coupling: A tangential stress and displacement decomposition approach
Core Problem: Investigating failure mechanisms of heat-damaged, flawed rock under external loading is crucial for underground rock engineering safety.
Key Innovation: A model for the tangential stress distribution on the internal surface (σ I) and external surface (σ E) of a double-flawed rock under thermal damage was proposed to predict crack initiation zones.
129. Numerical benchmarking of GREAT cell experiments: Poly-axial stress effects on fluid flow in fractured rock
Core Problem: The present work deals with the fracture mechanics of crystalline rocks and in particular with the barrier integrity for the isolation of hazardous waste.
Key Innovation: The GREAT cell is a unique experimental facility that allows the investigation of thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processes in fractured rocks in rotating stress fields.
130. Soil desiccation cracking under a non-uniform temperature field: Experimental investigation and DEM modeling
Core Problem: Although extensive research has been conducted on cracking under uniform conditions, the influence of non-uniform temperature fields remains poorly understood.
Key Innovation: The study combines laboratory experiments and discrete element method (DEM) simulations to investigate soil desiccation cracking under non-uniform temperature fields.
131. Effects of particle morphology and intermediate principal stress ratio on the multiscale granular behavior: insights from μCT-informed LS-DEM modeling
Core Problem: Macroscopically, both the peak and critical stress ratios exhibit a monotonic dependence on b, characterized by an initial rapid decline, followed by a gradual reduction before stabilizing.
Key Innovation: The study investigates the combined effects of particle morphology and the intermediate principal stress ratio b on the multiscale mechanical behavior of granular materials.
132. Boundary condition for soil-atmosphere interfaces in vacuum consolidation modeling
Core Problem: Vacuum-consolidation models commonly impose zero final excess pore pressure at an open boundary, neglecting air entry and total stress at the soil-atmosphere interface.
Key Innovation: A critical-air-entry boundary condition incorporates surcharge, hydrostatic pressure and self-weight; three laboratory tests show that the resulting final effective stress and depth-dependent air entry differ from zero-boundary predictions.
133. Pore evolution mechanisms and fractal characteristics of sandstone after high-temperature treatment using NMR
Core Problem: As the dominant rock type in the roof and floor strata of coal seams, sandstone experiences considerable changes in its internal structure and mechanical properties when subjected to high temperatures, which directly compromise the sealing integrity of oil and gas reservoirs.
Key Innovation: The results indicate that, with increasing heat treatment temperature, both the total porosity and effective porosity of the rock samples exhibit a general increasing trend, with absolute increases of 0.67-1.39, and relative growth rates of 7.77% and 57.11%, respectively.
134. An experimental investigation of factors affecting drained CPT resistance in normally consolidated granular materials
Core Problem: The cone penetration test (CPT) is commonly used to assess the relative density of sands and fine gravels because of the difficulties and expense associated with obtaining undisturbed samples of these materials.
Key Innovation: Relationships between normalised cone resistance and relative density developed in calibration chambers are currently used in practice but these have not evolved or improved from proposals made over 30 years ago.
135. In situ stabilization of soft clay with ground granulated blast-furnace slag and Terrazyme via deep soil mixing
Core Problem: Low-carbon deep mixing requires alternative binders without sacrificing the uniformity and strength of stabilized soft-clay columns.
Key Innovation: A contra-rotational mixing system combines cement, Terrazyme and blast-furnace slag; field, laboratory and CT evidence links improved strength and bearing capacity to more uniform mixing and reduced porosity.
136. Influence of depolymerized polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer on shrinkage and water retention characteristics of biochar-treated soil
Core Problem: The coupled shrinkage and water-retention behaviour of biochar- and polymer-amended landfill liner soils is not represented by strength tests alone.
Key Innovation: Water-retention, shrinkage, conductivity, strength and microscopy tests show that biochar and depolymerized PET increase water storage and strength while reducing volumetric shrinkage through polymer bridges and films.
137. Experimental investigation on the stiffness and shear strength of polymer-cemented calcareous sand
Core Problem: Calcareous sand is highly compressible and crushable, creating weak coastal foundations whose response to rapid polymer cementation is insufficiently constrained.
Key Innovation: Direct-shear and microstructural tests show that polyurethane primarily increases cohesion through particle coating and void filling while leaving friction angle nearly unchanged.
138. Interfacial shear behavior between sand and additive manufactured geogrid with a re-entrant structure
Core Problem: Conventional geogrids can fail brittlely and mobilize only a limited soil zone before pullout.
Key Innovation: An additively manufactured re-entrant geogrid with negative Poisson ratio increases interface strength and ductility, delays pullout and develops a broader plastic shear zone, with aperture size controlling performance.
139. Unconfined compressive strength and microstructural characterization of loess stabilized with alkali-activated lithium slag and granulated blast furnace slag
Core Problem: Loess subgrades lose strength and collapse on wetting, while conventional stabilization relies on carbon-intensive binders.
Key Innovation: An alkali-activated lithium-slag and blast-furnace-slag binder forms a dense cemented skeleton; the optimum mix raises 7- and 28-day strength by about 13 and 19 times relative to untreated loess.
140. A dual-level particle breakage model for irregular particles in DEM
Core Problem: Discrete-element breakage models trade realistic irregular fragments against computational efficiency and often miss sequential local failure.
Key Innovation: A dual-level criterion first detects whole-particle failure and then resolves critical contact-scale breakage, reproducing crushing patterns, fragment distributions and oedometer response across stress levels.
141. Consolidation behavior of geotextile-assisted vacuum preloading for dredged soil
Core Problem: Horizontal-drain vacuum preloading of dredged soil can lose pressure and consolidate non-uniformly, limiting reliable prediction of improvement.
Key Innovation: Geotextiles used directly as drains transmit about 92% of applied vacuum at late stages and achieve roughly 90% consolidation; imaging and a double-layer model resolve the mainly vertical, spatially variable response.
142. Refined interpretation of plasticity index of marine soft clays from CPTu data for offshore site characterization
Core Problem: Existing CPTu correlations estimate the plasticity of marine soft clays poorly across different soil classes, weakening offshore site characterization.
Key Innovation: A soil-type-dependent model combines normalized pore-pressure, friction and cone-resistance parameters, increasing predictions within 30% error from 56.9% to 89.4%.
143. Strain ratcheting mechanisms in the backfill of integral bridges
Core Problem: Thermal cycling of jointless bridges progressively densifies backfill and raises earth pressure, but the controlling ratcheting mechanism is not well resolved.
Key Innovation: Centrifuge tests separate the effects of movement amplitude, density and loading history, linking pressure growth to interface settlement, densification and dilation while showing when foundation sliding limits accumulation.
144. Strength and stiffness of DSM columns in clayey/sandy soils: analytical, experimental, and full-scale field-based investigations
Core Problem: Design properties for deep-soil-mixing columns remain uncertain because project-scale strength and stiffness datasets are scarce.
Key Innovation: Quality-control data from 9,000 m of coring and more than 5,300 strength tests support project-calibrated equations for strength and modulus and show that the usual FHWA modulus ratio can be substantially too high.
145. Investigating long-term terrestrial water storage change in the Volga River basin based on the extended triple collocation weighted fusion model
Core Problem: GRACE's limited record length constrains attribution of multi-decadal terrestrial-water-storage change in the Volga Basin and its connection to Caspian Sea level.
Key Innovation: Extended triple-collocation fusion of ERA5-Land, FLDAS and GLDAS reconstructs 0.1-degree storage from 1982 to 2023, resolving local declines near 15 mm per year and the dominant roles of snow water and soil moisture.
146. Synchronous Advance of the Alpine Glaciation Across the Northern and Southern Tibetan Plateau During the Mid-Pleistocene Transition
Core Problem: However, the oldest glacial deposits in the northern plateau are dated to only ∼0.46 Ma, markedly later than the Middle Pleistocene glacial intensification evidenced in southern plateau and loess archives.
Key Innovation: Collectively, these observations imply that alpine glacial activity may have intensified synchronously across the entire plateau during the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition, likely in response to global cooling and Tibetan Plateau uplift.
147. Double-ITCZ Bias Reduces Southern Hemisphere Influence on Tropics via Oceanic Pathways
Core Problem: Many coupled climate models exhibit an Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) south of the Equator in the annual‐mean tropical Pacific that is more pronounced than observed.
Key Innovation: These circulation changes are accompanied by modifications of subducted water potential densities, altering equatorial water mass properties and potentially the simulation of decadal climate variability.
148. Earth's Infrared Background: A Physics-Based Null Hypothesis for the Global-Scale Subannual Variability of Outgoing Longwave Radiation
Core Problem: Much of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) emitted to space can be described as a noisy “background” of random variability.
Key Innovation: By fitting the model to OLR measurements from satellites, we find that the background fluctuations have an upper bound of about 400 km and 2.5 days on their spatiotemporal (de)correlations, between meso‐scale and synoptic‐scale weather.
149. Does Zonal Wave 3 Affect Total Antarctic Sea Ice Area?
Core Problem: Here, we provide evidence to challenge previous studies' attribution of large overall Antarctic SIA decreases to ZW3.
Key Innovation: While it is well‐established that Zonal Wave Three (ZW3) can drive regional expansion or contraction of Antarctic sea ice, it is unclear whether it has an effect on circumpolar total sea ice area (SIA).
150. Mapping CO2 Migration Pathways: Interactions With Geological Structures
Core Problem: Unintended CO 2 releases from carbon capture and storage sites could impact water resources or reverse climate mitigation efforts through atmospheric emissions.
Key Innovation: This indicates that centimeter‐scale heterogeneity could prevent gas reaching the surface in the event of a release, but simultaneously cause unanticipated lateral migration away from the release site.
151. A Multi-Scale Analysis of Nitrate Concentration-Discharge Relationships in a Small Agricultural Watershed
Core Problem: When conditions weredry,however, headwater and downstream locations produced different relations between nitrate andflow.These results showthat understanding nitrate transport requires frequent measurements atmultiple locations, focusing onhow individual storms behave under different wetness conditions.
Key Innovation: Spatial consistency increased whenhydrologic connectivity was high,either duetowetantecedent conditions orhigh-intensity storms thatrapidly activated flownetworks.
152. Riverine Freshwater Connectivity Among Major Tributaries in a Large Estuary
Core Problem: While much attention has been given to exchange between individual tributaries and the main stem, system‐wide freshwater connectivity among multiple tributaries remains understudied.
Key Innovation: The results show that incomplete mixing near confluences creates spatial variability in freshwater–salinity relationships.
153. Maturation of River-Dominated Delta Tops: The Channelized Delta Model
Core Problem: The formulation presented here can predict delta growth and local changes in channel geometry over 100s of years with limited computational costs and can be of aid in site‐specific applications when limited field data is available.
Key Innovation: The authors present a novel, laterally averaged model of delta growth, the channelized delta model, in which delta top dynamics are described in terms of channelized (lumped channel) and non‐channelized areas.
154. Generalized Scaling of Blue Metabolism in River Basins
Core Problem: River networks play a central role in regulating biogeochemical transformations at the catchment scale, yet a general scaling theory linking network structure to integrated metabolic function is still lacking.
Key Innovation: By linking river network geometry to integrated metabolic capacity, our framework provides a direct, scale‐invariant bridge between geomorphic organization and catchment‐scale blue metabolism.
155. Unveiling the Mass Transfer and Particle Size Release Mechanisms of Polydisperse Colloidal Emulsions in Porous Media Under Low Hydraulic Conditions
Core Problem: This“separation effect” contradicts traditional theories, which assume fluidthickness (viscosity) remains constant.
Key Innovation: Although significant progress hasbeenmadein thefieldofpolydisperse colloids, which aremainly polydisperse colloidal suspensions, littleisknown about polydisperse colloidal emulsions, especially under lowflowconditions (D0.1m/d).Herein, aseries ofcolumn experiments combined withdynamic lightscattering wereconducted toinvestigate themasstransfer and particle sizerelease ofpolydisperse colloidal emulsions inporous media under lowhydraulic conditions.
156. Comparing Piston Flow and Dispersion Models for the Age of Groundwater Collected Through Very Short Screens
Core Problem: In previous groundwater dating studies involving samples collected through probes with very short screens, the tracer analysis has assumed the groundwater to have an age range so narrow that it can reasonably be considered a single age (a piston flow interpretation).
Key Innovation: The authors evaluated this assumption by re‐examining age‐dating tracer data from two previous studies in which groundwater was collected beneath coastal plain streams through screens 5 cm in length.
157. Modeling Legacy Nitrogen Transport Under Instantaneous, Steady-State, and Transient Groundwater Flow Conditions
Core Problem: In hydrologic settings where groundwater discharge contributes substantially to surface waters, legacy nitrogen in groundwater can confound surface water nitrogen loads estimated exclusively from current terrestrial sources.
Key Innovation: The resulting differences are rarely quantified.
158. Prediction of Naphthalene Attenuation Potential During River Water Infiltration: Based on the Influence of Riverine Humic Acid and Multi Factor Coupling Model
Core Problem: However, themechanisms andmagnitude to whichriverineHAinfluences NAPattenuation duringriverinfiltration remainpoorlyunderstood.
Key Innovation: Sensitivity analysisindicated thatHA-induced interactions withFe(III),pH,andDOsignificantly amplified thepredictive uncertainty ofNAPattenuation, underscoring theimportance ofincorporating coupledtermssuchasFe(III)× HAandpH×HAintoattenuation models.Thesefindingsenhanceunderstanding ofDOM-PAH interactions duringriverinfiltration, providing aquantitative basisforriskassessment ofNAPattenuation indynamic subsurface systems.
159. Irrigation Use in a Changing Landscape: A Combined Economic and Hydrologic Approach
Core Problem: Limited research has examined farmers' likelihood of irrigating under climate change, or the effects of large‐scale irrigation expansion on future water availability, largely due to challenges in acquiring field‐level irrigation data.
Key Innovation: Using an integrated econometric‐hydrologic modeling approach, we investigate how short‐ and long‐run climatic conditions shape irrigation incentives and feasibility in Serbia—an increasingly water‐stressed region—and how these incentives evolve under future climate scenarios.
160. Integrating Ice Analyses and Varying Floe Size Parameterization Into Great Lakes Ice Prediction
Core Problem: Accurate prediction of Great Lakes ice cover is critical for regional weather, navigation support, and safety.
Key Innovation: These findings demonstrate that integrating variable ice floe size from satellite data resolves a key model deficiency and offers a practical path toward improving operational ice forecasting in the Great Lakes.
161. Seasonal Estimates of Nutrient Loading, Sources, and Impacts on Water Availability in Streams Across the Conterminous United States, 2000-2020
Core Problem: Excess riverine nutrients can limit water availability for humans and ecosystems.
Key Innovation: Additionally, monitored data integrate effects of upstream sources, sinks, and pathways by which nutrients get into streams, making explicit planning for effective nutrient reduction strategies challenging.
162. Assessing the Worth of Noble Gas Tracer Concentrations in Alluvial River-Aquifer Systems Using Data Space Inversion
Core Problem: Todate,however, thishasnotbeenundertaken; norhas itsdecision-support efficacy beentested.Amodeling framework isintroduced whereby dataspaceinversion, a highlyefficient methodforevaluation ofpost-data-assimilation uncertainties ofcomplex simulators, isusedto evaluate benefits accrued through assimilation ofnoblegastracerconcentrations (i.e.,222Rn;37Ar;4He)along withmoreclassical observations.
Key Innovation: Theabilityofnoblegasconcentrations toreducetheuncertainties of predictions madeusinganintegrated surface-subsurface hydrological modelisrigorously evaluated in simulation experiments thatspanarangeofplausible hydraulic andhydrological conditions.
163. Determination of soft clay parameters from CPTU tests, the FINCONE test sites revisited
Core Problem: The article presents a new approach for the determination of preconsolidation pressure (σp′), undrained shear strength (su), and constrained modulus for the over-consolidated region M0.
Key Innovation: Well-established transformation models are then utilized to derive su and M0 from σp′.
164. Analytical model for tunnel face stability considering zonal weakening effect of rock mass parameters
Core Problem: Blasting excavation causes significant engineering disturbance and stress redistribution in the surrounding rock, leading to unavoidable strength loss, which negatively impacts the rock tunnel face stability.
Key Innovation: The study accounts for the weakening effects of rock strength parameters and their distance relationship with the blast location, introducing a weakening factor to quantify the degree of rock parameter degradation at different locations caused by blasting.
165. Directional roof-cutting in composite limestone roofs overlying thick coal seams: mechanism and field application
Core Problem: The application of gob-side entry retention by roof-cutting in thick coal seams with composite limestone roofs faces severe stability challenges due to the high-energy, synchronized fracturing of hard strata.
Key Innovation: To address this, this study investigates the geomechanical mechanisms of roof breaking through integrated analytical modeling and numerical simulation.
166. MGSC-Net: Multigranularity Semantic Aggregation and Scale-Calibration for Small Object Detection in UAV Remote Sensing Imagery
Core Problem: However, processing these images faces severe challenges due to the complex acquisition conditions inherent to aerial platforms.
Key Innovation: Extensive experiments on the VisDrone2019 and USOD benchmarks demonstrate the robustness of MGSC-Net in complex remote sensing scenarios, achieving mAP50 scores of 39.3.
167. Global submesoscale eddy identification and characteristic analysis based on multi-source remote sensing data
Core Problem: Global submesoscale-eddy inventories are scarce because conventional altimetry lacks the required spatial and temporal resolution and most detection studies remain regional.
Key Innovation: The study combines ocean colour, deep learning, image processing, SWOT altimetry and merged altimeter data to build three global eddy datasets and compare their scale, seasonality, geography and source-specific limitations.
168. The 2024 release of the Global Heat Flow Database (GHFDB): quality assessment, metadata standards, and a century of geothermal data
Core Problem: The GHFDB Data Template captures methodological details, uncertainty estimates, and contextual information, forming the basis for a newly implemented, multi-dimensional quality-assessment system.
Key Innovation: As a result, the 2024 release presents a substantial update, with the number of heat-flow observations increasing from 58 302 data points in 2012 to 91 182 in 2024, while the number of literature sources simultaneously increased from 572 to 1586 documents.
169. HyperGas 1.0: a python package for analyzing hyperspectral data for greenhouse gases from retrieval to emission rate quantification
Core Problem: The authors present HyperGas , an open-source Python package for the retrieval and estimation of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration enhancements and plume emission rates using data from hyperspectral imagers such as the PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa (PRISMA), the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP), and the Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT).
Key Innovation: The software is designed for compatibility with any three-dimensional hyperspectral radiance dataset.
170. Development of the TCWA2 bulk cloud microphysics scheme and its integration with a dual-polarization radar operator for forecasting applications
Core Problem: These results suggest that TCWA2 can capture key radar-signature characteristics associated with dominant hydrometeor populations and support its potential for future radar-based forecasting applications, while further refinement of ice-phase parameterizations, particle-orientation assumptions, and radar-viewing geometry remains necessary.
Key Innovation: The study presents the development and evaluation of TCWA2, a double-moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme designed for weather forecasting that incorporates radar observations at the Taiwan Central Weather Administration.
171. Calibration of the MEMS v1 model over a continental soil inventory: a comparison of MCMC and 4DEnVar methods
Core Problem: However, due to challenges related to model state projections, this calibration becomes very computationally heavy with traditional calibration methods.
Key Innovation: Our results here establish 4DEnVar as an applicable calibration method for SOC models but also highlight the need for more nuanced validation methods, as well as careful examination on how different data sets affect the model calibration.
172. Contribution of physical latent knowledge to the emulation of an atmospheric physics model: a study based on the LMDZ Atmospheric General Circulation Model
Core Problem: In an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM), the representation of subgrid-scale physical phenomena, also referred to as physical parameterizations, requires computational time which constrains model numerical efficiency.
Key Innovation: However, the development of emulators based on Machine Learning offers a promising alternative to traditional approaches.
173. A sea ice free Arctic: CMIP7 Assessment Fast Track abrupt-127k experimental protocol and motivation
Core Problem: Given that the Arctic could be ice-free in summer within the next ten to 20 years, accurately predicting low-ice states is of crucial importance.
Key Innovation: Building on two Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects (CMIPs): the Sea-Ice Model Intercomparison Project and the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project, we propose an Assessment Fast Track experiment, abrupt-127k , focusing on this seasonally ice-free, or near ice-free, Arctic at 127 ky .
174. Forest floor water storage and redistribution affect evaporation, retention, and infiltration in mixed temperate forests
Core Problem: However, knowledge on the water retention characteristics and water redistribution effects of the FF remain limited.
Key Innovation: Due to the dominance of laboratory data regarding the storage capacity of a forest's litter layer, we used a combined FF weighted grid-lysimeter and soil moisture network to directly and in-situ measure the dynamics of water storage of the FF and fluxes from and into the FF.
175. Disentangling the key drivers of water balance in Central Asia's Lake Balkhash: A relative contribution assessment
Core Problem: Lake Balkhash, a vital endorheic system in Central Asia, faces increasing hydrological uncertainty driven by the interplay of climate change and anthropogenic disturbances.
Key Innovation: The study introduces the Hydrological Analysis and Disentanglement Framework (HADF) to quantitatively assess the drivers of the lake's centennial water balance (1931-2024).
176. Enhanced understanding of dominant drivers of Water Yield change across China through the improved coupled carbon and water model
Core Problem: Yet it remains difficult to disentangle the contributions of climate, vegetation, and [CO 2 ] change to water yield (WY), especially clarifying [CO 2 ]-driven physiological effects.
Key Innovation: Therefore, this study improved the coupled carbon and water (CCW) model by integrating dynamic water use efficiency (WUE) to capture [CO 2 ]-physiological effects, and quantified the attribution of WY changes across China from 1982 to 2017 using a scenario analysis based on this model.
177. Identifying dominant parameters in SWAT across subbasin and HRU scales using a two-step deep learning-assisted spatial sensitivity analysis
Core Problem: Distributed hydrological models require sensitivity analyses that explicitly account for spatial heterogeneity, yet such analyses are often constrained by high computational demands.
Key Innovation: The study presents a two-step, deep learning-assisted spatial sensitivity analysis (SSA) framework to identify dominant parameters across multiple spatial scales.
178. Assessing future streamflow in Cyprus through hydrological model calibration under non-stationary climate and regional climate model ensemble selection
Core Problem: The use of conceptual hydrological models for projections of future freshwater resources is challenged by non-stationary climate conditions, as these conditions may affect whether models calibrated under historical climates are suitable for future scenarios.
Key Innovation: The study aims to (i) develop a framework for the parameterization of a conceptual hydrological model under non-stationary climate conditions and (ii) bias-correct, downscale and evaluate the performance of an 18-member ensemble of Regional Climate Models (RCMs) for simulating future streamflow.
179. Landscape ecological risk informed by ecosystem services: spatial heterogeneity across functional zones in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region
Core Problem: To achieve an accurate assessment of landscape ecological risk (LER) in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration, this study integrated ecosystem services (ESs) into a quantitative LER model and explored its spatiotemporal evolution across spatial functional zones.
Key Innovation: Four representative indicators of ES were selected to enhance landscape vulnerability assessment, and a coupled LER index bridging landscape patterns and functions was constructed.
180. Mechanical properties of loess improved by coupling EICP with rubber particles: coupled improvement effects and reinforcement mechanisms
Core Problem: IntroductionThis study examines the improvement of Xi’an loess using rubber particles alone and combined with enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (EICP), aiming to enhance collapsibility, strength, dynamic behavior, and water stability while promoting waste tire reuse.MethodsLoess specimens with varying rubber contents were prepared, with some treated by EICP.
Key Innovation: A 5% rubber content was optimal for deformation and collapsibility control, while higher contents improved strength but increased compressibility.
181. Shear rate-dependent mechanical behavior and acoustic emission evolution characteristics of sandstone
Core Problem: Understanding shear rate-dependent mechanical behavior and fracture evolution is essential for evaluating the stability of rock engineering structures under shear loading.
Key Innovation: This shift reflects the change from distributed microcracking to localized shear band development.
182. 3D geological modelling for CO2 storage assessment in the Abu Roash-A reservoir, Beni Suef field, Western Desert, Egypt
Core Problem: The results provide a transferable framework for CO2 storage projects in mature oil reservoirs across North Africa and deliver critical scientific insights to advance Egypt’s decarbonisation and climate-action goals under the National Climate Change Strategy 2050.
Key Innovation: The study presents the first systematic assessment of CO2 storage potential in the Cretaceous Abu Roash-A sandstone reservoir of the Beni Suef Field in Egypt’s Western Desert.
183. The relationship between resistivity, water content, and matrix suction in silty clay under drying-wetting paths and an empirical matric suction estimation method based on resistivity
Core Problem: However, its applicability to compacted silty clays under drying‑wetting cycles has not been systematically validated.
Key Innovation: In this study, three types of silty clay (HZ, WY, ZJ) used for dam construction were compacted to degrees ranging from 92% to 100%.
184. Geotechnical behaviour of phyllite saprolites in Quadrilátero Ferrífero Mineral Province, Brazil
Core Problem: Saprolites are highly weathered (W4) to completely decomposed (W5) rocks, with uniaxial compressive strength typically between 0.25 MPa and 5 MPa (≤ R1+).
Key Innovation: For materials with a strength range between 1 MPa and 3 MPa (≤ R1-), as evaluated in this study, soil mechanics approaches are applied covering steps from undisturbed block sampling to triaxial test interpretation.
185. Microscopic creep behavior of granite after high-temperature treatment characterized by nanoindentation and improved Burgers model
Core Problem: Stress exponent analysis further suggests that the dominant creep mechanism of quartz and plagioclase changes from dislocation-controlled creep to diffusion- and grain-boundary-slip-controlled creep after 800 ℃, whereas biotite remains mainly dislocation-controlled.
Key Innovation: To better describe the creep response over a relatively long holding period, an improved Burgers model incorporating a time-shifted Andrade power-law term is proposed.
186. Study on mechanical response and damage models of sandstone-shale interbedding under different cyclic loading modes
Core Problem: Sandstone-shale interbeds are typical layered composite rock masses found in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, and their mechanical behavior plays a crucial role in hydraulic fracture initiation and propagation.
Key Innovation: The study investigates the damage evolution mechanisms of 60° bedding-layered sandstone-shale interbeds under uniaxial compression conditions.
187. Non-invasive geophysical prediction of deep rock mass UCS in complex geological settings
Core Problem: Conventional UCS determination relies on borehole sampling and laboratory testing, which are invasive, costly, time-consuming, and spatially limited, especially at great depths.
Key Innovation: Accurate assessment of rock mass quality is essential for the safe and cost-effective design of deep underground infrastructure, particularly in geologically heterogeneous environments.
188. Experimental study on creep characteristics and mesostructural evolution of silty clay in Western Henan
Core Problem: The total number of pores increases, the small-size pores increase sharply, the pore diameter gap decreases, and the pores are gradually regularized.
Key Innovation: The development of small-sized pores, the emergence of connectivity, and new pores increase the number of large-sized pores and irregular pores.
189. Investigation of phyllite particle-breakage characteristics and pore-structure evolution based on computed tomography scanning
Core Problem: The study investigated the microstructural evolution of phyllite particles under confined compression to support their engineering application as fill materials.
Key Innovation: Confined compression tests combined with micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanning were conducted to characterize the internal mesostructure of phyllite specimens under different stress states.
190. Relationship between mode I fracture toughness and strength parameters of coal and the fracture process
Core Problem: A method for accurately determining the critical crack tip opening displacement W 0 is defined.
Key Innovation: The results show that with increasing borehole depth, the compressive strength and elastic modulus of coal increase by 79.25% and 112.26% at 4.4 m compared with those at 0.7 m, respectively.
191. From source to sink: A review of aluminum fate in groundwater and potential risks
Core Problem: Groundwater aluminum contamination has increasingly attracted attention in groundwater research and management due to its complex geochemical behavior and potential ecological risks.Aluminum is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth’s crust and serves as a critical raw material for the metal industries.
Key Innovation: Addressing this challenge requires prioritizing source control in mining and industrial sectors, implementing real-time aluminum speciation monitoring in high-risk aquifers, and establishing region-specific regulatory thresholds that account for local hydrogeochemical conditions rather than adopting uniform concentration limits.
192. Intensity of chemical weathering and its implications for soil erosion across lithological and climatic gradients in the Chemoga watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin
Core Problem: The geochemistry of rocks, regolith/soil, surficial and core sediments, and clay mineral assemblages from these sediments was analyzed to elucidate the transition from fresh to chemically altered materials.
Key Innovation: These data were used to evaluate the intensity of chemical weathering and its implications for erosion across contrasting lithological and climatic gradients in the Chemoga watershed of the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia.
193. Determination of constitutive parameters of filled joints under repeated impact loads using indirect inversion method
Core Problem: It overcomes the difficulties encountered when handling large deformation filling materials.
Key Innovation: The results indicate that the proposed indirect parameter inversion method is effective.
194. Aquifer recharge: unpacking the impact of deep roots and land use
Core Problem: However, recent studies highlight hydraulic redistribution and enhanced vertical soil connectivity promoted by root-induced macropores may increase infiltration and recharge even under high-ET conditions.
Key Innovation: Based on an integrative review of the international scientific literature, 3,671 publications were analyzed, of which 116 were selected according to thematic relevance and methodological quality.
195. Comprehensive evaluation of the suitability of groundwater reservoir construction in arid regions on the basis of the PMW-TOPSIS model: a case study of the Tailan River Basin, Xinjiang, China
Core Problem: However, compared with surface reservoirs, systematic quantitative methods for evaluating groundwater reservoir construction suitability remain limited.
Key Innovation: Using the Tailan River Basin in Wensu County, Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, northwestern China, as a case study, this study developed a physically constrained multisource weighted TOPSIS (PMW-TOPSIS) model that integrates geospatial analysis with multicriteria decision-making to assess groundwater reservoir construction suitability.
196. Reactive-transport model of fracture-matrix alteration by hyperalkaline fluid interactions: influence of boundary conditions on sealing behavior
Core Problem: Fracture flow would slow by precipitation of secondary minerals in this latter case, however, causing the fracture porosity and permeability to decrease.
Key Innovation: A discrete-fracture, reactive-transport model was used in the present study to evaluate fracture opening/sealing behavior caused by reactions involving hyperalkaline solutions with minerals in a representative repository host rock.
197. An anti-erosion spray seeding substrate modified by bioslurry and xanthan gum and its characteristics
Core Problem: However, due to the water sensitivity of granite residual soil, the spray seeding substrates when using this soil are easily washed away by rainfall, resulting in poor ecological restoration of slopes.
Key Innovation: The study proposes an anti-erosion spray seeding substrate modified by bioslurry-based Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) and Xanthan Gum (XG) (referred to as bioslurry-XG hereafter).
198. A coupled variational phase-field and multiphase flow model for hydraulic fracturing in quasi-brittle materials
Core Problem: The study presents a novel coupled variational phase-field and multiphase flow model for simulating quasi-brittle hydraulic fracturing in unsaturated porous media.
Key Innovation: Simulated results show that high non-wetting pressure promotes propagation of natural fractures upon intersection with hydraulic fractures, through the combined effects of pre-opening of natural fractures and the sustained high effective pressure within the connected fracture network.
199. Hydro Geotechnical Assessment and Seepage Analysis of the Dom Marco Ring Dam
Core Problem: Two-dimensional finite-element seepage analyses were performed in SEEP/W (GeoStudio), using hydraulic parameters constrained by variable-head field permeability tests, historical technical reports, and literature ranges for the site materials.
Key Innovation: The study evaluates the long-term hydro-geotechnical behavior of the Dom Marco Ring Dam, with emphasis on seepage through its sedimentary rock foundation and on the effectiveness of the rehabilitation measures implemented after the 1973 accident.
200. Physics-informed Reconstruction of Pressure Fields and Diffusion Range in Foaming Polymer Grouting
Core Problem: Short, high-pressure polymer grouting in permeable sand-gravel deposits prevents continuous observation of the internal pressure field and moving diffusion front.
Key Innovation: A physics-informed neural network reconstructs both fields from sparse measurements while enforcing boundary and governing-equation constraints, with reported relative errors below 0.3% at injection and critical boundaries.
201. Excavation Response in Anisotropic Weathered Slate
Core Problem: Excavation in highly weathered slate cannot be treated as isotropic soil or intact rock because discontinuities, saturation and post-peak softening act together.
Key Innovation: Field and numerical analysis characterizes this transitional geomaterial and shows how structural anisotropy and water-dependent strength loss govern retaining-system response in the Brazilian case study.
202. Random mineral crystallization model for reconstructing mineral interlocking structure and impact on mechanical behavior of granite
Core Problem: The meso-structure of minerals significantly influences the macroscopic mechanical properties of granite.
Key Innovation: The study proposes a novel random mineral crystallization model (RMCM) to reconstruct the interlocking mineral structures of granite.
203. On the origin, formation and stability of reef islands: The foundational work of early Expeditions to the Great Barrier Reef
Core Problem: Reef-island vulnerability depends on whether observed change reflects progressive geomorphic stages, local equilibrium or relative sea-level motion, interpretations that remain difficult to separate.
Key Innovation: A synthesis of surveys from more than 120 reefs and islands links early expedition evidence to later cartography, documenting continued shingle-ridge formation, sand-cay stability and mangrove expansion while defining modern elevation and volume-monitoring priorities.
204. Hydrodynamics and channel morphology at a braided-meandering river confluence
Core Problem: River confluences are critical nodes in fluvial networks, characterized by abrupt changes in hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and channel morphology.
Key Innovation: Under high-discharge and low momentum ratios, flow is advected across extensive braid bars at the mouth of the Colorado River due to curvature of the meandering MDD River, leading to complex three-dimensional flow structure and the development of a shallow shear layer and mixing interface.
205. Lithological control on morpho-pedological hillslope asymmetry: The archive-reset feedback model in humid tropical highlands (Western Cameroon)
Core Problem: Quantitative regolith data show that the Archive Slope reaches depths up to 426 cm with 51% ferruginous nodules, whereas the Reset Slope lacks indurated duricrust, contains up to 40% granitic lithorelics, and exhibits only sparse non-indurated concentric ferruginous glaebules.
Key Innovation: The study investigates the origin of a profound morpho-pedological asymmetry in a humid tropical valley by testing the hypothesis of a primary lithological control amplified by geomorphic feedback.
206. Tidal-scale observations reveal the event structure of marsh-edge retreat
Core Problem: Saltmarshes are undergoing rapid retreat worldwide, typically manifested as lateral erosion of marsh edges driven by a combination of continuous erosion and episodic mass failure.
Key Innovation: Here, we present a non-contact Marsh Edge Monitor (MEM) observational framework that uses air-based ultrasonic distance sensing to provide the tidal-scale chronology of marsh-edge retreat.
207. Assessing impacts of a large multi-thread tributary on mainstem morphodynamics using a River Mobility Index
Core Problem: Although previous studies have mainly focused on the hydraulics and morphology of single-thread or relatively simple confluences, the impacts of large multi-thread tributary junctions on mainstem morphodynamics remain insufficiently understood.
Key Innovation: Here, we investigated the geomorphic influence of the Niyang River (NYR) on the Yarlung Tsangpo River (YTR) in the southern Tibetan Plateau to assess how a large, multi-thread tributary affects the geomorphic processes of the mainstem river.
208. Contribution of the Loire River to knowledge about hungry Rivers - Three centuries of a lowland river trajectory
Core Problem: Like many rivers, the Loire River (France) has been deeply altered by bed narrowing and incision, to the extent that it can now be considered a “hungry river.” However, understanding its evolution over several centuries is complicated by the complexity of the control factors and the interactions between the various components of the fluvial system.
Key Innovation: Recent developments in high-resolution elevation modelling provide an innovative solution that we have adapted to the Loire River in Burgundy - a stretch that was almost pristine in the 18th century.
209. Improving seafloor topography modeling in coastal areas by integrating nautical chart and six global digital bathymetric model products
Core Problem: Current global digital bathymetric models (DBMs) are widely used but often exhibit low local accuracy and discontinuities in coastal regions with complex topography.
Key Innovation: The study aims to enhance seafloor topography modeling by integrating nautical chart data with six global DBM products: ETOPO 2022 15″, ETOPO 2022 30″, TOPO V25.1, SRTM30_PLUS V11.0, SRTM15_PLUS V2.6, and GEBCO_2024.
210. Coastal barchanoid dunes differentiation and evolution model: Cap Ferret Spit, Aquitaine Coast France
Core Problem: Coastal barchanoid dunes are less well constrained than their arid counterparts, particularly in internal architecture and response to shoreline conditions.
Key Innovation: One-metre LiDAR and more than 70 km of ground-penetrating-radar profiles resolve dune morphology and stratigraphy along Cap Ferret, supporting an evolutionary model specific to coastal barchanoid systems.
211. Data uncertainty quantification for non-stationary multivariate sensor forecasting via monotonic full quantile regression and hierarchical attention transformer
Core Problem: Data uncertainty quantification (DUQ) is essential for reliability-critical multivariate sensor forecasting, because measurement noise and irreducible variability in future observations make point predictions insufficient for decision support, especially under non-stationary sensing conditions.
Key Innovation: The study proposes MFQR-HAT, a quantile-based forecasting framework for empirical DUQ in non-stationary multivariate sensor signals that integrates a hierarchical attention transformer (HAT), a monotonic full quantile regression (MFQR) strategy, and a frequency-enhanced CRPS objective.
212. Exploring the troposphere with GNSS: Advances in modeling, monitoring, and applications
Core Problem: Furthermore, we outline the key challenges and opportunities ahead, including leveraging Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and smart terminals for advanced tropospheric products, establishing more enhanced delay models in challenging environments particularly cooperating with real-time data transmission, developing more sophisticated data assimilation operators, and coupling deep learning models with physical mechanisms for improved atmospheric simulation.
Key Innovation: As Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals are affected by the atmospheric refraction when transporting through the neutral atmosphere, the resulted tropospheric delay is highly linked to the atmospheric water vapor, promoting the establishment of GNSS as a reliable meteorological observation means of high accuracy and high temporal resolution.
213. The inclusion of burrowing animals in soil hydro-physical equations and models: A review
Core Problem: Despite this, their effects remain poorly represented in models simulating earth (sub)surface dynamics.
Key Innovation: These frameworks provide a basis for improved integration of burrowing activity into models.
214. Evolution of shale fracture systems in sedimentary basins: Constraints from multi-stage diagenetic processes and multi-field coupling
Core Problem: It examines the critical role of diagenesis in modulating rock mechanical properties and influencing fracture growth, demonstrating how modern fracture dating techniques and fluid inclusion analysis can overcome limitations inherent in early reaction-transport-mechanical (RTM) coupled models.
Key Innovation: The results demonstrate that integrating fracture timing data with coupled process modeling concepts enables movement beyond static genetic classification frameworks toward dynamic, testable models of fracture system evolution.
215. Luminescence dating of coastal landforms in Australia: A review, database and geomorphic significance
Core Problem: In some cases, dose rate uncertainties and the potential for U-series disequilibria create particular challenges requiring understanding of the depositional context.
Key Innovation: Early studies around the Australian coast focused on testing TL and OSL dating approaches against existing chronological data and established principals for typical sampling strategies in a variety of depositional environments.
216. Multispectral nighttime light remote sensing: Data, applications, and challenges
Core Problem: The study presents a systematic literature review of 138 research articles published since 1992 to elucidate the data sources, application trends, and key challenges associated with multispectral NTL remote sensing.
Key Innovation: This shift creates unprecedented opportunities for understanding the physical composition of artificial lighting, monitoring its spectral evolution, and quantifying the complex interactions between lighting spectra and the natural environment.
217. The first map of planted mangrove forests in China derived from time-series Landsat and Google Satellite Embeddings
Core Problem: Planted and naturally regenerated mangroves are spectrally similar and spatially fragmented, obscuring whether restoration programmes produce forests comparable to primary stands.
Key Innovation: Temporal Landsat features and Google Satellite Embeddings yield the first 10 m national planted-versus-natural mangrove map for China and show that only 26.11% of planted forests reach the average condition of primary mangroves.
218. Super-resolved canopy height mapping from Sentinel-2 time series using airborne LiDAR HD reference data across metropolitan France
Core Problem: To address this need, we introduce THREASURE-Net, a novel end-to-end framework for Tree Height REgression And SUper-REsolution.
Key Innovation: It can be deployed to generate high-precision annual canopy-height maps, achieving mean absolute errors of 2.63 m, 2.70 m, and 2.89 m at 10 m, 5 m, and 2.5 m resolution, respectively.
219. Retrieving vertical profiles of forest fAPAR by integrating airborne optical reflectance and LiDAR data
Core Problem: Although several studies have demonstrated that integrating optical reflectance with LiDAR data can accurately estimate canopy-integrated fAPAR, a practical and robust integrated method for retrieving fAPAR profiles in forest canopies remains lacking.
Key Innovation: The fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) by vegetation canopies is a fundamental biophysical parameter for quantifying terrestrial carbon-water cycles and characterising vegetation physiological status.
220. Waveform-adaptive estimation of canopy heights using GEDI data in dense Amazonian forests
Core Problem: Weak ground returns in dense tropical forests cause GEDI processing to overestimate terrain elevation and underestimate canopy height.
Key Innovation: WAED classifies waveform penetration and assigns adaptive ground-detection thresholds, reducing weak-penetration ground RMSE from 10.1 to 3.7 m and canopy-height RMSE from 10.1 to 4.4 m in Amazon validation.
221. Estimating forest leaf area index using discrete point clouds from UAV-LiDAR systems with different canopy penetration capacities
Core Problem: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Light Detection and Ranging (UAV-LiDAR) point cloud data can be used to derive canopy gap fraction from which LAI can be calculated using a gap fraction model.
Key Innovation: To address this issue, we introduce canopy penetration capacity as an integrated descriptor reflecting the combined effects of sensor characteristics (e.g., beam divergence and pulse energy) and acquisition parameters, and develop a canopy gap size distribution theory that explicitly accounts for gaps both within and between tree crowns.
222. LiDAR-based assessment of treetop dieback to detect asian longhorned beetle damage in poplar forests
Core Problem: Although LiDAR is widely used for plant-stress detection, two challenges persist: (1) non-specific structural responses that hinder the identification of damage-specific phenotypes and (2) limited transferability of structural metrics across age- and size-heterogeneous stands.
Key Innovation: The results indicated that the proposed metrics, Summary Ratio of Volume (SRV = V u p p e r 50 % V l o w e r 50 % + V u p p e r 20 % V l o w e r 80 % ), achieved the highest overall accuracy (OA): 76.23% in random split, and 70.58% in plot-transfer, significantly outperforming other proposed metrics and existing LiDAR indices.
223. Hybrid physics-AI aerosol property retrieval algorithm for AMI/GK-2A with a deep learning radiative transfer emulator
Core Problem: Uncertainty analysis shows that retrieval uncertainty scales linearly with AOD, confirming the robustness of the hybrid algorithm.
Key Innovation: Additionally, a dust call-back procedure and an extended surface reflectance database based on multi-year minimum reflectance are introduced in the hybrid-YAER algorithm.
224. Global offshore wind infrastructure: Deployment and operational dynamics from dense Sentinel-1 time series
Core Problem: The offshore wind energy sector is expanding rapidly, increasing the need for independent, high-temporal-resolution monitoring of infrastructure deployment and operation at global scale.
Key Innovation: While Earth Observation based offshore wind infrastructure mapping has matured for spatial localization, existing open data sets lack temporally dense and semantically fine-grained information on construction and operational dynamics.
225. Soil-geomorphology relationships in sedimentary plateau (semiarid region of Northeast Brazil)
Core Problem: Semiarid environments are characterized by incipient pedogenesis, a low degree of chemical weathering, and limited leaching.
Key Innovation: For the geomorphological characterization of the study area, cartographic products were developed in a GIS environment using QGIS 3.22.11 software.
226. Geomorphic and vegetation dynamics of sandbars in the Middle Yangtze River: Impact of the Three Gorges Reservoir
Core Problem: Sandbars are critical geomorphic features in large rivers, and their evolution due to upstream damming directly impacts channel stability, navigation, and aquatic habitats.
Key Innovation: The study selected eight typical sandbars distributed across straight, multi-branched, and meandering reaches of the middle Yangtze River to investigate the response of bar evolution to the impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR).
227. Sediment source tracing in Nangqian Basin using detrital zircons: Insights into river and paleoclimate evolution
Core Problem: However, cold and arid climatic conditions limited fluvial transport capacity, and landslide-dammed lakes further impeded the delivery of distal materials, resulting in sediments still dominated by proximal sources with a weak distal signal.
Key Innovation: The study combines detrital zircon UPb geochronology with sedimentological analysis to investigate the evolution of sediment supply in the Nangqian Basin of the upper Mekong River.
228. Shrub encroachment and degradation reshape alpine meadow hydrological processes through altered water-use strategies
Core Problem: However, how these changes influence plant water-use strategies remains poorly understood.
Key Innovation: The study employed stable water isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) and the MixSIAR model to quantify water sources of dominant plants and their influencing factors during the peak growing season.
229. Litter inputs are associated with downward redistribution of carbonate dissolution hotspots in shallow karst soil profiles
Core Problem: Karst soils regulate the global carbon cycle, yet how plant litter influences carbonate dissolution hotspots and shallow-profile inorganic carbon allocation remains unclear.
Key Innovation: Seven treatments were established: herb litter (H), shrub litter (S), tree litter (T), their mixtures (H + S, S + T, and H + S + T), and a bare soil control (CK).
230. A comprehensive evaluation framework for water-carbon relationship and threshold responses based on ecohydrological modeling
Core Problem: To address this gap, this study presents an integrated ecohydrological framework that explicitly links process-based simulation, system-level coupling characterization, and gradient-based threshold identification.
Key Innovation: The ecohydrological model simulated the SM and TC dynamics and quantified the water-carbon interactions through a root mean square error (RMSE)-based trade-off analysis and coupling coordination degree (D).
231. The microalgae-bacteria symbiotic inoculation enhances sandy soil multifunctionality and wind erosion resistance through microbial network reorganization
Core Problem: Land degradation in arid regions, characterized by sandy soil structure disintegration and functional decline, constrains sustainable development.
Key Innovation: A rationally designed microalgae-bacteria symbiotic community, based on metabolic synergy and niche complementarity, shows strong soil remediation potential relative to single-strain inoculants.
232. Two biomechanical paradigms govern aeolian processes: High-frequency dissipation versus aerodynamic stabilization in desert shrubs
Core Problem: Vegetation mitigates aeolian erosion primarily by modifying near-surface wind fields, but the plant-flow interactions underlying this effect remain insufficiently quantified.
Key Innovation: Most existing models represent vegetation as static roughness elements and therefore overlook the combined effects of plant architecture, dynamic motion, and aerodynamic reconfiguration.
233. Links between geomorphology and hydrogeology in mountain karst catchments. Implications for a better understanding groundwater-surface water exchange
Core Problem: However, the role of landscape evolution on water exchange and its connectivity with karst heterogeneity still lack systematic quantification.
Key Innovation: The study investigates the link between geomorphology and hydrological dynamic of two mountain catchments located in SE Spain (Segura and Zumeta) to analyse how the degree of karst plateau breakdown control groundwater-surface exchange and determine baseflow inputs to both rivers.
234. Temporal changes of soil erodibility and its driving factors in long-term sugarcane continuous cropping systems
Core Problem: Sugarcane is an important perennial economic crop and its long-term continuous ratoon cropping system may induce temporal changes in soil erodibility, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
Key Innovation: In this study, a chronosequence design was used to select independent sloping sugarcane fields with continuous cropping durations of 2, 7, 12, and 24 years from a typical subtropical sugarcane-growing region in southern China.
235. Spatial configuration indicators for characterizing longitudinal dam distribution: Implications for sediment trapping efficiency
Core Problem: The rapid proliferation of dams has fundamentally altered global fluvial sediment fluxes, yet existing metrics often fail to characterize the specific longitudinal configuration of these impoundments.
Key Innovation: In this study, we developed a novel Spatial Gini Indicator (SGINI) framework to quantify the spatial arrangement of reservoirs and assess its influence on Sediment Trapping Efficiency (STE) across 44 major basins and sub-basins in China.
236. Evolution of the anchored load-bearing structural mechanism in fragmented rock masses based on discrete element method (DEM) analysis
Core Problem: To address the limited understanding of anchorage mechanisms in large-scale fragmented surrounding rock, this study introduces the anchorage density parameter δ = D/S and uses the DEM to investigate the self-organized reconfiguration of a gangue system under different anchorage densities.
Key Innovation: Furthermore, under idealized conditions, equilibrium equations and geometric constraint relationships are established, from which a characteristic arch-height equation is derived to interpret the evolutionary trend in the stability of the load-bearing structure.
237. Mechanism-guided dynamic machine learning overcomes environmental non-stationarity in algal bloom prediction
Core Problem: Algal bloom prediction under environmental non-stationarity remains challenging, as historical regulatory thresholds frequently fail due to ecological concept drift.
Key Innovation: While MRT is retained to establish interpretable, long-term policy baselines, continuous-variable Machine Learning is deployed to process the full environmental context, achieving highly adaptive, dynamic operational forecasting (recall score = 0.68, ROC_AUC = 0.89).
238. Exogenous dust-induced snow albedo reduction and radiative forcing over the Third Pole
Core Problem: The evolution of snow over the Third Pole (TP) plays a critical role in amplifying changes in the Asian water tower.
Key Innovation: Here, based on multi-source observations and numerical simulations of snow-darkening dynamic processes, this study systematically reveals the pronounced synchronicity and inverse coupling characteristics between dust and albedo changes over the TP, and quantifies the contributions of different exogenous dust to TP snow albedo reduction and radiative forcing.
239. Effect of soil hysteresis on liquid-vapor-air flow in seasonally frozen soils
Core Problem: However, the influencing mechanism of soil hysteresis on the coupled liquid-vapor-air flow in the seasonally frozen soils is not yet fully understood.
Key Innovation: In this study, the STEMMUS-FT model (Simultaneous Transfer of Energy, Mass and Momentum in Unsaturated Soil with Freeze and Thaw) with the hysteresis effect was developed and verified against the field measurements of soil water content and temperature in a typical dry plateau.
240. Causal structure and threshold characteristics of vapor pressure deficit regulation across different climate zones in China
Core Problem: Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) is a key indicator of atmospheric aridity and land-atmosphere interaction risk, yet its dominant processes, information structure, and threshold responses across China’s climate zones remain poorly understood.
Key Innovation: Using VPD and related meteorological and hydrological variables during 1980-2022, this study grouped the drivers into Circulation Background (CB), Non-local Moisture Transport (NMT), and Local Response and Feedback (LRF), and integrated directional causality detection, information decomposition, and threshold analysis to reveal the dominant mechanisms and nonlinear responses of VPD in China.
241. Design of stream gauge network using fuzzy entropy approach considering impact of climate change
Core Problem: Stream gauge stations are important for measuring the discharge of streams and understanding flow.
Key Innovation: Designing stream gauge networks under climate change scenarios could provide valuable insights for hydrological monitoring and water resource management.
242. Characterization of groundwater recharge in complex aquifer: an improved nonlinear Transfer Function-Noise model integrating groundwater reservoir mechanics
Core Problem: Recharge in complex aquifers is nonlinear and delayed, making it difficult to infer a physically meaningful recharge history from groundwater levels alone.
Key Innovation: A transfer-function noise model coupled to groundwater-reservoir mechanics reconstructs the full temporal evolution of recharge while retaining a form that can feed regional groundwater models.
243. Tracking long-term dynamics of soil salinization using a model combining convolutional neural network and Transformer
Core Problem: Accurately tracking long-term soil salinization dynamics remains challenging, particularly in highly heterogeneous regions.
Key Innovation: Using the proposed method, we achieved dynamic monitoring of soil salinization in the Yellow River Delta (YRD).
244. Hydroclimatic variability challenges apparent decadal improvements in riverine water quality across coastal watersheds
Core Problem: Coastal riverine environments face escalating degradation under dual climatic and anthropogenic pressures, yet high-resolution, systematic assessments remain constrained by spatiotemporally fragmented observations.
Key Innovation: Here we present a coupled deep-learning framework to robustly reconstruct daily runoff alongside multi-species pollutant concentrations and fluxes during 2010-2024 across 132 riverine sites in a representative coastal province of China.
245. Assessing streamflow depletion from agricultural groundwater use in headwater catchments using storage-discharge functions
Core Problem: Groundwater extraction can deplete streamflow in headwater catchments, but the complexity of subsurface hydrological processes make impacts difficult to detect.
Key Innovation: Using hydrograph-inferred hillslope groundwater storage and streamflow relationships, we propose a novel approach to estimate streamflow depletion from groundwater pumping that is well-suited to areas with limited groundwater monitoring infrastructure.
246. Microplastics in karst groundwater: a review of current findings and methodological biases
Core Problem: Their rapid recharge, limited natural filtration, and conduit-dominated flow make them susceptible to contamination, including by emerging pollutants such as microplastics (MPs).
Key Innovation: Reported concentrations vary by several orders of magnitude (0.001-911 particles/L), which is likely to reflect both karst environmental variability and methodological differences in sampling design, detection limits, contamination control, and analytical specificity.
247. Reducing undercatch in the Geonor snow gauge using CFD-based shield design modification
Core Problem: Wind-induced undercatch remains a major source of bias in snowfall measurements for catchment gauges used in solid precipitation.
Key Innovation: Most previous studies address this bias using empirical post-measurement corrections, whereas fewer attempts have been made to reduce the underlying aerodynamic causes through shield design.
248. Monitoring monthly water storage variation of the Three Gorges Reservoir using SWOT observations
Core Problem: Reservoir storage dynamics are essential for water resources management but remain difficult to quantify in elongated riverine reservoirs where longitudinal water surface gradients violate the horizontal-surface assumption commonly adopted in conventional estimation methods.
Key Innovation: The study presents a novel Water Volume plus Compensation Volume (WV + CV) framework that explicitly accounts for non-uniform water surface morphology in elongated riverine reservoirs.
249. Assessments of eight ET products based on long-term multi-source water balance elements in 133 catchments across China
Core Problem: However, existing global ET products exhibit notable inconsistencies in regional ET representation and its trends, particularly in China.
Key Innovation: Accurate quantification of evapotranspiration (ET) is crucial for understanding hydrological processes in a changing environment.
250. Physical-guided hybrid modelling framework for hydropower forecasting in non-stationary cascade reservoir systems
Core Problem: In cascade reservoir systems, generation discharge is jointly influenced by hydroclimatic conditions and operating strategies.
Key Innovation: The authors developed a physical-informed hybrid generation discharge forecasting framework, LSTM-PHY.
251. Particle and carbon export from a restored goldmine in an Amazonian catchment: hydro-sedimentary source tracing
Core Problem: In French Guiana, restoration, including landscaping and tree-replanting, is mandatory for legal gold mines, but the fate of post-exploitation sites is poorly characterised.
Key Innovation: To investigate the extent of particle export originating from a restored gold-mining site, high frequency suspended solid concentrations (SSC) and discharge measurements were performed upstream and downstream of a site in French Guiana.
252. Redox front delineation framework from self-potential data for characterizing groundwater contaminant plumes
Core Problem: Conventional borehole-based monitoring methods provide accurate concentration data but are limited by sparse spatial coverage and an invasive nature.
Key Innovation: The study develops an integrated redox front delineation framework combining advanced signal processing and imaging techniques to improve contaminant plume delineation.
253. An improved fresh snow density parameterization scheme for snow depth simulation over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
Core Problem: Existing fresh snow density parameterization schemes underestimate fresh snow density and overestimate snow depth (SD) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP).
Key Innovation: The study proposed an improved fresh snow density parameterization scheme that considers ground surface temperature for model time steps (STFSDM), optimized by minimizing simulated SD bias by incorporating a terrestrial snow modeling system.
254. A multi-axial HARM-based p-y + M-θ model with application to monopile offshore wind turbines in clay under multi-directional cyclic loadings
Core Problem: Most offshore wind turbine monopiles are frequently subjected to multi-directional cyclic loads during their whole service life, yielding unique cyclic load-displacement non-coaxial behavior that cannot be captured by traditional uni-directional cyclic p-y models.
Key Innovation: A few multi-directional soil reaction models have been developed without considering the contribution of M-θ resistance, leaving it unsuitable for wind turbine monopiles that are usually designed with small length-to-diameter ratios (L/D).
255. A reliability-based framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation for estimating the strength of intact rock
Core Problem: Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) is a critical parameter in geotechnical and rock engineering applications, yet its direct measurement is time-consuming and resource demanding.
Key Innovation: The study proposes a probabilistic approach to UCS estimation using three key input parameters: Schmidt hammer rebound number ( S R n ), P-wave velocity ( V P ), and Point Load Index ( I S 50 ).
256. Diagnosing Long-Video Quantitative Reasoning in Multimodal LLMs via Enumeration and Counting
Core Problem: Final-answer video benchmarks reveal whether a model returns the correct count but not which events it retrieved, grounded or double-counted across long recordings.
Key Innovation: EC-Bench annotates evidence spans for 1,699 questions in 152 videos longer than 30 minutes and separates enumeration, temporal grounding and counting; 22 multimodal models remain far below human performance.
257. Scientific mapping of policy and governance dimensions in technological disaster risk mitigation: a bibliometric analysis
Core Problem: This bibliometric analysis examines policy- and governance-oriented research on technological and human-induced disaster risk mitigation from 2014 to 2024.
Key Innovation: Bibliometrix, Biblioshiny and VOSviewer were used to map 54 Scopus-indexed, open-access English-language journal articles.
258. Mapping crop types in smallholder mono- and intercropping systems with multi-sensor data in regions with multiple growing cycles
Core Problem: Overlapping planting dates, multiple growing cycles and intercropping make smallholder crop classes difficult to separate from a single sensor or seasonal composite.
Key Innovation: Field calendars and inventories guide monthly Sentinel-1 and bimonthly Sentinel-2 random-forest models for eight farming systems; the fused model exceeds 0.75 accuracy for every class under repeated cross-validation.
259. Quantifying land use and land cover influences on surface water quality through Sentinel-2 observations in the Letaba catchment, South Africa
Core Problem: Catchment-scale water-quality indicators differ in optical sensitivity, limiting how confidently land-use effects can be inferred from Sentinel-2 alone.
Key Innovation: In-situ chemistry, spectral bands and water indices yield strong models for conductivity and dissolved solids (R2 = 0.84 and 0.87) but weaker pH retrieval, defining both capability and limitation in the Letaba catchment.
260. Assessing optimization strategies for unsupervised individual tree crown detection and delineation to support continental-scale inventories: role of vegetation type and point cloud data density
Core Problem: Three canopy-height models and four unsupervised tree-segmentation algorithms were evaluated across 39 LiDAR point clouds, 15 vegetation types and three point-density classes.
Key Innovation: Parameter optimization increased match ratio by 51%, reduced over-segmentation by 25% and produced the largest gains for sparse point clouds, supplying a basis for continental crown inventories and more generalizable training labels.
261. Quantifying the impact of vegetation on carbon monoxide reduction using multi-source remote sensing in China
Core Problem: Passive and active satellite observations were coupled with an aerodynamic deposition model to estimate vegetation-driven carbon-monoxide removal across China from 2013 to 2022.
Key Innovation: Leaf-area index showed the strongest multiscale coherence with deposition, while temperature dominated temporal fluctuations in SHAP analysis.
262. Moving on up: A two-step scaling approach for grassland vegetation structure
Core Problem: Direct field-to-satellite models of grassland cover and height suffer from plot-pixel mismatch and sparse ground sampling.
Key Innovation: A field-to-UAV-to-Sentinel-2 workflow raises cover and height R2 to 0.90 and 0.82, while leave-site-out validation and area-of-applicability analysis expose the cost of spatial transfer.
263. Methodology for evaluating and combining sensor radiometric responses to on-board calibrators
Core Problem: Multiple onboard satellite calibrators provide redundancy but can produce inconsistent, time-varying gain curves when treated independently.
Key Innovation: CRAM combines lamp and solar-diffuser responses into one radiometric-gain estimate and keeps maximum combined error below 0.8% across Landsat-8 and Landsat-9 spectral bands.
264. High-resolution daily air temperature estimation over China: An explainable stratified stacking ensemble approach
Core Problem: Near-surface temperature models vary across land covers, and station sparsity leaves gaps in fine-resolution daily climate fields.
Key Innovation: Land-cover-stratified stacking trained on 831 stations and nine remote-sensing predictors produces seamless 1 km mean, minimum and maximum temperature fields, with SHAP tests used to check physical consistency.
265. Bridging machine learning and spatiotemporal fusion to overcome blocky artifact in high-resolution air temperature mapping on GEE
Core Problem: Resolution mismatch between climate inputs and fine output grids produces block-shaped artefacts that overstate the effective detail of air-temperature maps.
Key Innovation: Three Google Earth Engine strategies combine machine learning with spatiotemporal fusion; the ML-STEPSBI variant best preserves broad patterns while restoring stable 1 km spatial detail.
266. Geodata fusion and deep learning-based improved lithological mapping: A case study from the autonomous district of Yamoussoukro
Core Problem: Sentinel optical and radar data, ALOS elevation information, feature-level fusion, field observations and U-Net segmentation were integrated to map lithology in humid tropical terrain around Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire.
Key Innovation: The U-Net achieved 95.38% overall accuracy and 81.26% mean intersection over union, improving separation of granitoids and volcano-sedimentary formations and producing a field-validated lithological map for geological-resource assessment.
267. Deep embedded clustering of chlorophyll-a reveals distinct seasonal regimes in the Beibu Gulf, China
Core Problem: Fixed contours and coastal buffers do not capture seasonally changing chlorophyll regimes or their different terrestrial and oceanographic controls.
Key Innovation: Deep embedded clustering delineates functionally coherent nearshore, mid-shore and offshore zones from MODIS time series, then couples trend, spatial and driver analyses to quantify region-specific seasonal dynamics.
268. Unveiling vegetation dynamics and driving forces in karst regions using MODIS NDVI and XGBoost-SHAP
Core Problem: MODIS NDVI observations from 2000 to 2021 were combined with Theil-Sen, Mann-Kendall, BFAST and XGBoost-SHAP analyses to characterize vegetation change in the karst landscapes of Guizhou, China.
Key Innovation: Soil moisture was the dominant natural control and population density the strongest anthropogenic factor; all drivers showed nonlinear thresholds and interactions.
269. Use of Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) observations to support Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) change products: the case of the pacific coast of Ecuador
Core Problem: The approach identified water, roads, crops and forest disturbance with strong classification performance, including streams and recent deforestation missed by existing maps, while incomplete SWOT coverage remained an explicit limitation.
Key Innovation: Annual backscatter frequency and mean intensity at 100 m resolution were classified with support-vector machines and compared with national land-cover maps and forest-change products.
270. Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) tracks variations in the soil-plant available water (PAW): a multiyear analysis on three crops
Core Problem: Crop water stress can be obscured in solar-induced fluorescence by canopy structure and other controls on photosynthesis.
Key Innovation: Five years of airborne HyPlant observations are normalized to fluorescence efficiency and compared with modelled plant-available water, revealing a stable early-season relationship in rainfed sugar beet after accounting for leaf area.
271. Establishing a hyperspectral library for Hong Kong mangroves: Species differentiation and leaf decay dynamics
Core Problem: Sensor comparisons revealed species-dependent reflectance offsets and measurable RMSE differences, emphasizing the need for sensor-aware calibration.
Key Innovation: The resulting species-, plot- and decay-level library supports automated mangrove classification and physiological interpretation.
272. Is sub-metre resolution necessary for cocoa mapping? A landscape-stratified evaluation of very high resolution imagery, decametric Earth Observation inputs, and operational products in Cote d'Ivoire
Core Problem: Accurate cocoa mapping is increasingly important for deforestation monitoring, supply-chain transparency, and regulatory applications.
Key Innovation: In Cote d'Ivoire, we therefore evaluated how mapping performance varies across landscape conditions, whether very high resolution (VHR) imagery provides a meaningful advantage, and whether foundation-model embeddings improve decametric cocoa mapping.
273. Learning Physics-Informed Surrogate Model of Linear Elastic Displacement Fields from Geometry
Core Problem: The study aims to develop a fast and physically consistent surrogate model for real-time structural health monitoring of fractured elastic domains.
Key Innovation: The authors propose a physics-informed DeepONet framework that predicts displacement fields from both boundary conditions and fracture geometry, using a dedicated encoding strategy for the latter and without relying on finite-element-generated training data.
274. Hydra++: Real-Time Hierarchical 3D Scene Graph Construction With Object-Level Shape Estimation
Core Problem: However, existing scene graph systems model object geometry coarsely, relying on partial point clouds or class-level CAD templates, which limits instance-specific shape detail.
Key Innovation: The study presents Hydra++, a system-level investigation into how learning-based object shape estimators can be integrated into a hierarchical 3D scene graph pipeline.
275. White Aggregation and Restoration for Few-shot 3D Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation
Core Problem: To extract representations from the limited labeled set, existing methods have constructed prototypes with Farthest Point Sampling (FPS).
Key Innovation: This motivates us to investigate deterministic prototype generation method based on attention mechanism.
276. SCALMU: Synthetically-trained Coupling of Adaptive Learned Multiplicative Updates for Hyperspectral-Multispectral Fusion
Core Problem: Due to its architectural proximity with CNMF, the resulting algorithm preserves physical interpretability and nonnegativity constraints.
Key Innovation: To address this limitation, we propose SCALMU (Synthetically-trained Coupling of Adaptive Learned Multiplicative Updates), a novel blind unrolled neural network architecture that integrates adaptive learnable matrices within the classical framework of CNMF multiplicative updates, improving its results.
277. Overall Offset Error Correction Technique for 3-D Imaging in Multirotor UAV Holographic SAR
Core Problem: Previous article has predominantly focused on random offset errors, with limited attention given to overall offset errors.
Key Innovation: Holographic synthetic aperture radar (HoloSAR) combines tomographic SAR and circular SAR, forming an imaging mode capable of acquiring 360° three-dimensional (3-D) scattering information.
278. Multitask Learning for Subtropical Forest Canopy Height Mapping From Sentinel-2 Imagery and Airborne LiDAR
Core Problem: However, optical imagery suffers from signal saturation in dense forests, while the high cost of airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) restricts its availability.
Key Innovation: Through ablation experiments under both random-split and spatial block-split (BS) validation, we demonstrate that the transfer learning framework, which combines MTL pretraining with subsequent fine-tuning, consistently outperforms both the single-task baseline and the input-only alternative across both architectures.
279. Progressive Multistage Fusion of SAR and Optical Image Method: From Feature-Level Preservation to Pixelwise Refinement
Core Problem: The fusion of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical images is crucial for comprehensive Earth observation; however, balancing the preservation of global structural features with the refinement of local textures remains a significant challenge for traditional-based and learning-based models.
Key Innovation: To address this, we propose a progressive multistage fusion framework that transitions from image-level feature protection to pixelwise detail refinement.
280. Impacts of SMAP Antenna Pattern on 1413 and 1227 MHz Measurements
Core Problem: This cost-effective technique independently refines prelaunch models, enhancing calibration, uncertainty reduction, and RFI mitigation for missions such as NISAR.
Key Innovation: An RFI-based method is developed to characterize the postdeployment radiation patterns of NASA's SMAP 6-m mesh antenna, including sidelobes, backlobes, and spillovers, using an opportunistic ground-based interference source at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, as point-source transmitters.
281. ESCORT: Enriched SAR Change Detection via Copula Regression Technique
Core Problem: Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) change detection is a key tool for monitoring land-use and land-cover dynamics under all-weather and day/night conditions, yet its performance is often hindered by speckle noise, weak exploitation of spatial context, and limited modeling of nonlinear temporal dependencies.
Key Innovation: Experimental results on three diverse SAR datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, achieving the highest Kappa scores on two datasets with relative Kappa improvement of up to 1.85% (up to 13.77% statistical gain) over the best baseline on San Francisco and/or Sulzberger datasets, while remaining competitive with recent deep learning approaches on the more challenging Ottawa dataset.
282. CarboKitten.jl - an open source toolkit for carbonate stratigraphic modeling
Core Problem: CarboKitten addresses a gap in available carbonate modeling tools by providing an accessible, well-documented, and modifiable toolkit for hypothesis testing in carbonate stratigraphy.
Key Innovation: CarboKitten integrates three components: the carbonate production model of Bosscher and Schlager ( 1992 ) , the cellular automaton for spatial heterogeneity introduced by Burgess ( 2013 ) , and a novel finite difference transport model inspired by Paola et al.
283. Enhancement of isotropic pre-stack depth migration guided by a tilted transversely isotropic model using a gated residual network
Core Problem: However, in anisotropic or structurally complex regions, the isotropic assumption may lead to structural mispositioning, event discontinuity, and degraded focusing quality.
Key Innovation: To address this practical problem, this study proposes a gated residual PSDM network, termed GRP-Net, for image-domain correction of existing ISO PSDM results toward TTI-reference-guided imaging.
284. Visual detection of workers’ personal protective equipment for underground construction safety management
Core Problem: However, existing visual inspection methods usually detect workers and protective equipment as independent objects, which may lead to incorrect worker-equipment association under low illumination, dust, occlusion, motion blur, and crowded working conditions.
Key Innovation: A causality-invariant topological reasoning module then propagates safety information across anatomical regions and introduces counterfactual constraints to improve robustness against underground environmental bias while preserving sensitivity to true protective-equipment evidence.
285. Understanding Risk Perception and Prevention Education in Primary Education
Core Problem: How recent disaster experience and school instruction jointly shape children's understanding of natural hazards remains poorly resolved.
Key Innovation: A mixed questionnaire of 260 primary pupils finds strong hazard awareness in 68.5%, flood recall in 72.3%, and no experience-dependent difference in preventive instruction, isolating a broadly shared educational signal after the 2024 Valencia flood.
286. Enhancing the Estimation and Mapping of Soil Cadmium by Using Geospatial Information-Guided Machine Learning and Principal Component Spectra
Core Problem: However, conventional machine learning–based spectral estimation methods often yield unsatisfactory performance because they rely on an unrealistic assumption that the functional relationships across geographically distinct subregions are homogeneous, thereby reducing the accuracy and stability of soil Cd estimation.
Key Innovation: Integrating machine learning with spectral data provides an effective and cost-efficient scheme for estimating cadmium (Cd) contents in soils compared with labor-intensive laboratory analyses.
287. Optimizing Spectral Inputs for Deep Learning-Based Vegetation Destruction Detection Using Sentinel-2 Imagery
Core Problem: However, model responses varied, and more input channels did not guarantee stable gains.
Key Innovation: Using Sentinel-2 imagery, we constructed multiple feature combinations from visible, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared bands and several spectral indices, and evaluated them with nine deep learning models.
288. Nighttime Thermal Patterns and County Life Expectancy: A 20-Year Multimodal Satellite Fusion for the Contiguous United States
Core Problem: Because all input streams are globally available, the framework is architecturally extensible to regions where civil registration and vital statistics systems are incomplete; however, the trained model and its thresholds require recalibration against local mortality data before application outside the contiguous United States.
Key Innovation: The authors assembled 61,680 county-year observations across 3084 counties from 2000–2019, integrating features from 11 satellite and gridded data streams.
289. Removing Cirrus-Induced Errors in Operational Landsat 8 and 9 Daytime Surface Temperature Products over Waters
Core Problem: Land surface reflectance and temperatures data products are generated from data acquired with the Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor on the Landsat 8 and 9 satellites.
Key Innovation: The corrected daytime ST datasets have standard deviations reduced to about 1 K, similar to results with no cirrus present.
290. Exploring the Potential of Machine Learning Post-Processing to Generate ERA5-Consistent Atmospheric Profiles from Geostationary Satellite Retrievals
Core Problem: Geostationary imagers such as the Advanced Meteorological Imager (AMI) provide continuous observations and enable profile retrievals through radiative transfer–based algorithms; however, these products remain affected by systematic biases associated with the limited number of spectral channels and reliance on background fields from numerical weather prediction models.
Key Innovation: The study presents a data-driven post-processing framework to generate reanalysis-consistent profiles by refining AMI-retrieved temperature, mixing ratio, and relative humidity profiles using Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM) models trained with ERA5 reanalysis data.
291. A Hybrid CNN–Transformer Model for Terrace Extraction from Remote Sensing Imagery
Core Problem: Terraces constitute a critical form of land surface modification, serving both as essential agricultural resources and effective soil and water conservation measures.
Key Innovation: To address these limitations, this study proposes TerraceNet, a hybrid CNN–Transformer architecture with an encoder–dual-decoder design.
292. Dissolved nutrient (DOC, DSi and nitrate) dynamics of a regulated tropical river from Western Ghats, Sharavati: emphasis on cyclone-enhanced monsoons
Core Problem: The study investigates the seasonal dynamics and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved silica (DSi) and dissolved nitrate in the Sharavati River catchment, Western Ghats, and their transfer to the estuary.
Key Innovation: The study contributes to biogeochemical datasets assessing Arabian Sea ecosystem responses.
293. Seepage detection of hydrogen: insights for underground hydrogen storage and natural hydrogen exploration
Core Problem: Underground hydrogen storage will be essential for storing large amounts of hydrogen (in terms of GWh of energy storage) over long periods (months to years), a critical aspect for the full deployment of the hydrogen value chain.
Key Innovation: Nevertheless, similar conceptual approaches and monitoring techniques can be applied to evaluate hydrogen migration in the subsurface.
294. Spatiotemporal dynamics of water-carbon synergy and its driving mechanisms in the Kuye River Basin on the Loess Plateau of China
Core Problem: Understanding the coupling between water and carbon processes is critical for ecosystem sustainability in water-limited regions, yet the underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently quantified under concurrent climate and land use change.
Key Innovation: The study developed an integrated framework combining multi-source remote sensing data, ecosystem service modeling, and interpretable machine learning to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics, driving mechanisms, and threshold responses of water-carbon synergy, represented by the ecosystem services benefit (ESB) index, in the Kuye River Basin from 2005 to 2020.
295. Whose lessons do we learn? On the absence of women's memory in public 3.11 disaster memorial museums in Japan
Core Problem: However, the question of whose experiences are regarded as important enough to be presented as "lessons" in these memorials is rarely critically examined.
Key Innovation: Following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster (“3.11”), numerous disaster memorial facilities were established across the affected Tōhoku region.
296. Residents’ perceptions of disaster heritage in post-disaster communities: Implications for utilization policy and the risk of community burden
Core Problem: Disaster heritage sites are increasingly used for disaster education and risk communication; however, the perceptions of local residents-key stakeholders-remain insufficiently understood.
Key Innovation: However, importance did not significantly influence necessity, suggesting that residents evaluate disaster heritage through separate evaluative dimensions rather than a single evaluative process.
297. Growing up after the waves: The factors shaping long-term post-disaster orphan recovery
Core Problem: Children who lose both parents in large-scale disasters face complex and long-lasting recovery challenges, yet most research on orphaned children has focused on short-term outcomes, institutional care, or settings of ongoing crisis.
Key Innovation: Findings show that sustained educational support, appropriately timed housing aid, emotionally attentive caregiving, and access to even minimal mental health services played central roles in enabling recovery.
298. Physics-informed domain adaptation for health state assessment of industrial components
Core Problem: However, in many cases, Health Indicators (HIs) can only be measured in controlled environments, such as laboratories.
Key Innovation: The difference in the conditions of field operation and the controlled environment creates a domain shift that complicates health state estimation.
299. Fine-grained hierarchical crop type classification from integrated hyperspectral EnMAP data and multispectral sentinel-2 time series: A large-scale dataset and dual-stream transformer method
Core Problem: Research combining these two modalities remains scarce currently due to challenges in hyperspectral data acquisition and crop type annotation costs.
Key Innovation: Fine-grained crop type classification serves as the fundamental basis for large-scale crop mapping and plays a vital role in ensuring food security.
300. BIM-vSLAM: Bridging BIM and visual SLAM with plane-based representation for automated registration and image-based reconstruction
Core Problem: However, integrating BIM with Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) remains challenging due to divergent data structures.
Key Innovation: Traditional localization systems rely on expert-generated maps, which increases costs and limits adaptability to dynamic settings.
301. CIDA: A context-informed decoupling approach for soil trace element estimation using spaceborne cross-sensor data
Core Problem: Data-driven soil mapping is often limited by small-sample constraints, arising from an imbalance between sparse in-situ measurements and high-dimensional spectral feature spaces.
Key Innovation: To tackle these limitations, we developed Context-Informed Decoupling Analysis (CIDA), a mechanism-guided framework intended to separate learnable Zn- and Cu-related spectral structure from dominant background variability and to test its stability across sensors.
302. A novel multiple imputation approach with recursive feature elimination BiLSTM for spatiotemporally seamless Landsat NDVI reconstruction
Core Problem: The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) serves as a fundamental parameter for monitoring vegetation dynamics and ecosystem health, yet existing moderate-resolution NDVI products lack the spatial detail required for fine-scale environmental applications.
Key Innovation: By addressing the critical bottleneck of fixed high-dimensional inputs in existing deep learning methods, the proposed adaptive feature selection reduces input dimensionality by 30-50% while achieving approximately twofold improvement in computational efficiency, making large-scale operational deployment practically feasible.
303. Sparse multimodal feature fusion transformer with frequency-convolution collaboration for wildlife multi-object tracking in UAV monitoring
Core Problem: Wildlife tracking using UAVs faces challenges, including small targets, highly similar appearances, and strong camouflage in natural environments.
Key Innovation: The experimental results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms several representative trackers, achieving a 4% increase in MOTA, a 3.7% increase in IDF1, and a 47% reduction in ID switches on the MiluDrone dataset.
304. UAV coarse visual localization in large-scale continuous scenes
Core Problem: Visual localization in GNSS-denied environments is a critical technology for the autonomous navigation of UAVs.
Key Innovation: Finally, real-world experiments demonstrate that, with pixel-level feature matching, the proposed method achieves a localization error of 15.07 m within a candidate area exceeding 50 km 2 , validating the practical effectiveness.
305. Towards individual agricultural parcel vectorization from VHR imagery: A coarse-to-fine and multi-task learning method
Core Problem: Existing methods struggle with two primary challenges: (1) overlapping parcels, caused by inaccurate localization in densely arranged fields, and (2) merged parcels, resulting from an inability to distinguish spectrally similar neighbors with narrow boundaries.
Key Innovation: The authors introduce IAPVec, a robust vectorization framework that leverages the Segment Anything Model (SAM) to address these limitations.
306. An integrated machine learning approach for efficient gap-filling of cloudy Landsat LST imagery
Core Problem: Cloud contamination causes substantial gaps in Landsat land surface temperature (LST) records, limiting their spatiotemporal continuity amid growing demand for long-term high-resolution thermal data.
Key Innovation: To address these challenges simultaneously, this study proposes an integrated machine learning approach that combines complementary strengths of spatial reference-based fusion and temporal reference-based interpolation in a simple yet efficient way.
307. HaloGS: Loose coupling of compact geometry and Gaussian Splats for 3D scenes
Core Problem: Achieving these objectives jointly remains challenging, as existing approaches either unify geometry and appearance into a single cumbersome representation or rely on hybrid schemes whose uniform primitives inherently impose trade-offs between efficiency and fidelity.
Key Innovation: In indoor datasets, HaloGS improves geometric accuracy by 48.35% while requiring only 24.29% of the planar primitives used by the baseline methods, underscoring the effectiveness of its loosely coupled design.
308. NASA’s EMIT hyperspectral observations of phytoplankton ecology in estuarine waters
Core Problem: NASA’s EMIT hyperspectral spectrometer provides high spectral (∼7.4 nm) and spatial (60 m) resolution, capabilities that have not been routinely applied to water quality monitoring in shallow aquatic systems, where the bio-optical properties are highly complex.
Key Innovation: In this study, we developed Hyper-MoE-VAE, a deep-learning inversion framework integrating a mixture-of-experts architecture with variational autoencoders for globally applicable hyperspectral water-quality retrievals.
309. Machine-learning framework for cross-scale estimation of desert vegetation aboveground biomass and driver analysis in the Junggar Basin using UAV classification and satellite data fusion
Core Problem: However, sparse vegetation and complex bare-soil backgrounds in desert regions introduce significant uncertainties in AGB inversion and driver analysis.
Key Innovation: The results show that object-based classification combined with deep learning (SegFormer) achieved the highest accuracy (OA = 94%).
310. Multi-scale estimation of species diversity in an urban forest wetland with fractional-order derivative of UAV hyperspectral imagery
Core Problem: Semi-mangrove communities in urban coastal wetlands provide critical ecological functions but face increasing pressures that threaten biodiversity.
Key Innovation: In this study, we developed a multi-scale framework that integrates UAV hyperspectral imagery and field survey data with fractional-order derivatives (0-2) and ensemble machine learning to estimate four species diversity indices (Simpson's dominance (D), Shannon-Wiener diversity (H′), Margalef's richness (F), and Pielou's evenness (E)) in H.