TerraMosaic Daily Digest: July 15, 2026
Daily Summary
Landslide forecasting is being recast as inference of an evolving physical state rather than detection of a universal precursor. A unified framework links damage accumulation, stress redistribution and external forcing to a latent state approaching failure. Two independent hybrid models make this idea operational: Bayesian-calibrated hydromechanics and monitoring data predict step-like reservoir-slope transitions, while two-phase SPH simulations supply physically consistent training signals for rapid downstream runout warnings. Material-point back-analysis further connects residual shear strength to the velocity and runout of liquefaction-induced flow slides.
Field evidence identifies how forcing history and structural boundaries govern failure. A century-long Calabria catalogue records landslides triggered by progressively shorter and smaller rainfall totals, while paired rock-slide reconstructions show that atmospheric rivers can act through either antecedent saturation or a single intense pulse. Large ensembles attribute exceptional Central Asian wetting chiefly to internal variability, while modelling across 2,252 catchments separates vegetation and climate controls on streamflow. Layered outwash experiments resolve a two-stage transition from dynamic interface damage to gravity-driven collapse. At larger scales, probabilistic locking before the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake locates persistent asperities but leaves shallow slip as the dominant tsunami uncertainty, and tidally modulated tremor reveals recurrent sealing and drainage on an oceanic transform fault.
Observation and modelling advances increasingly target the variables that control loss, not only hazard occurrence. Fibre-optic arrays resolve metre-scale strain amplification at basin edges; probabilistic dispersion maps separate persistent SO2 exposure from more localized CO2 hazards at Vulcano; and structure orientation determines tsunami scour around coastal buildings. Ten-metre mapping across 38 European countries resolves wetland fragmentation and disturbance, while sediment cores, CO2 fluxes and remote sensing show that desiccation has turned the Aral Sea basin from an assumed carbon sink into a source. Physical constraints improve glacial-lake extraction, river discharge inversion and snow-data assimilation, whereas perturbation tests expose contradictory explanations in SAR flood models. Across these studies, interpretation is credible only when tied to resampling, physical consistency or independent measurements.
Key Trends
Five methodological shifts connect today's hazard, observation, and modelling studies.
- Forecasting shifts from precursor search to state reconstruction: Damage, pore pressure, monitoring sequences and propagation dynamics are combined to estimate proximity to failure and downstream hazard severity.
- Hydrologic history separates superficially similar slope failures: Antecedent wetness, short intense rainfall, reservoir cycling and changing threshold duration produce distinct pathways to instability.
- Interfaces emerge as the primary localization scale: Layer boundaries, fault permeability cycles, basin edges, structural corners and ice-brine contacts concentrate deformation, strain or erosion.
- Physics constrains both training data and inference: SPH, pore-pressure coupling, refraction, flow conservation and finite-fault geometry reduce reliance on unconstrained correlations in data-driven models.
- Uncertainty moves into the decision variable: Probabilistic locking, gas persistence, directional ground motion, robust explanation tests and uncertainty-aware mapping quantify what remains unresolved for warning and design.
Selected Papers
The strongest advances converge on a state-based view of geohazard evolution. Landslide forecasting combines damage, pore pressure and observed deformation; propagation warning uses physics-generated scenarios to infer downstream severity; and field catalogues distinguish long antecedent conditioning from short intense triggers. Earthquake and volcanic studies likewise resolve persistent asperities, transient fault permeability and exposure under variable winds. Together, the studies replace isolated indicators with physically interpretable trajectories from forcing to failure and consequence.
1. Linking Interseismic Locking to Coseismic Rupture: The 2025 Mw 8.8 Kamchatka Earthquake
Core Problem: The relation between interseismic locking, rupture initiation and tsunami-generating shallow slip remained uncertain for the 2025 Mw 8.8 Kamchatka earthquake.
Key Innovation: A data-driven probabilistic inversion of GNSS velocities locates persistent locked asperities that coincide with rupture initiation and deep slip in both 1952 and 2025, while contrasting near-trench slip identifies the principal source of tsunami uncertainty.
2. Cyclic sealing and drainage on an oceanic transform fault
Core Problem: Oceanic transform faults are commonly treated as dry, shear-dominated boundaries despite their proximity to magmatic and hydrothermal systems.
Key Innovation: Tidally modulated tremor, swarm seismicity and Vp/Vs changes support a valve-like cycle in which volatile trapping raises tidal sensitivity, rupture restores permeability and hydrothermal sealing resets the fault.
3. Investigating Meter-Scale Wavefield Complexity and Amplification at the Basin Edge With a Fiber-Optic Array
Core Problem: Sedimentary-basin edges amplify seismic strain over distances too short for smooth velocity models and conventional sparse arrays to resolve.
Key Innovation: A telecommunication-fibre DAS array maps multiple shallow velocity contrasts at metre scale and links them to scattered surface waves that amplify dynamic strain more strongly than ground velocity, consistent with synthetic tests.
4. A Unified Conceptual Framework for Gravitational Instabilities: From Latent System State to Failure
Core Problem: Failure forecasting across gravitational hazards remains fragmented by process-specific precursors and incomplete observations of the subsurface state.
Key Innovation: The framework treats damage, stress redistribution and external forcing as controls on a latent state, shifting prediction from universal precursor detection to reconstruction of system evolution and distance to instability.
5. Brief communication: A century of landslide records in Calabria, southern Italy, looking for changes and trends through a dynamic analysis
Core Problem: Long-term changes in landslide-triggering rainfall cannot be resolved from short inventories or fixed thresholds.
Key Innovation: A catalogue of 9,530 landslide records and 3,006 rainfall events across 1921-2020 is analysed in fifteen moving 30-year windows, revealing more events after 2009 and declining triggering duration and rainfall totals.
6. Progressive failure of layered outwash deposits: a dynamic damage-gravity driven mechanism revealed by the Huangnibazi landslide
Core Problem: The progressive failure mechanism of brittle-over-ductile outwash deposits under sustained dynamic loading was not mechanistically resolved.
Key Innovation: Dynamic triaxial tests and particle-flow simulations show interface-localized degradation followed by gravity-driven shear, defining a two-stage dynamic-damage-to-collapse pathway for the Huangnibazi landslide.
7. Hydromechanical modelling of rock slides triggered by atmospheric rivers: insights from British Columbia and Patagonia
Core Problem: Atmospheric-river-triggered rock slides can follow different hydrologic pathways even in steep intrusive-rock terrain.
Key Innovation: UAV geometry, structural mapping and transient hydromechanical models distinguish antecedent-rainfall preconditioning at Seabird Island from short intense-event triggering at Termas El Amarillo.
8. Physical and data hybrid-driven modeling for the evolution state prediction of reservoir colluvial landslides with step-like movement patterns: a case study in the Xiluodu Reservoir area, China
Core Problem: Purely physical and purely data-driven models each struggle to predict abrupt state changes in reservoir landslides with step-like displacement.
Key Innovation: Bayesian-calibrated pore-pressure mechanics, monitoring-based classifiers and XGBoost are coupled in parallel; at the Dafengwan landslide the hybrid reaches an AUC and F1 of 0.95 and remains stable under moving-block bootstrap tests.
9. MPM-based relationships to assess soil shear strength, velocity and runout distance of liquefaction-induced flow-type slope failures
Core Problem: Residual shear-strength relationships derived with simplified back-analysis may misrepresent the large-deformation stage of liquefaction-induced flow slides.
Key Innovation: Material Point Method back-analyses of documented failures yield a revised residual-strength relation and new screening equations for velocity and runout distance, directly linking site resistance to consequence metrics.
10. A physics-data hybrid framework for timely warning of landslide propagation using two-phase depth-integrated SPH model and deep learning
Core Problem: Field observations rarely provide enough physically consistent, high-resolution runout data for rapid warning of downstream landslide impacts.
Key Innovation: Two-phase depth-integrated SPH generates propagation scenarios whose early height, velocity and discharge signals train a residual CNN-LSTM model; downstream hazard-level accuracy rises to 94.5% with sub-millisecond inference.
11. Effects of directionality on seismic slope stability
Core Problem: Conventional seismic slope assessments can be non-conservative when the azimuthal direction of horizontal ground motion is ignored.
Key Innovation: Complete rotational nonlinear analyses quantify orientation-dependent response, and a simplified rotational approach identifies the maximum-response direction while Newmark analysis provides an efficient proxy for directional sensitivity.
12. On the Disagreement in Perturbation-based xAI -- Benchmarking Perturbation Choices for Flood Detection from SAR Images
Core Problem: Perturbation-based explanations for SAR flood classifiers can change when the patch geometry or replacement rule changes.
Key Innovation: A systematic benchmark shows that plausible perturbation choices produce ambiguous and contradictory relevance maps, establishing explanation settings as part of the uncertainty analysis rather than a cosmetic visualization choice.
13. VideoChat3: Fully Open Video MLLM for Efficient and Generalist Video Understanding
Core Problem: Open video-language models commonly trade broad video understanding for high computation, domain specialization or incomplete release of training resources.
Key Innovation: VideoChat3 combines an inflated 3D vision transformer, adaptive frame resolution and three released training sets; its 4-billion-parameter model outperforms the evaluated open models with equal or larger parameter counts across general, long-form and streaming benchmarks.
14. LaViDa: A Large Diffusion Language Model for Multimodal Understanding
Core Problem: Autoregressive vision-language models limit parallel decoding and constrained generation in multimodal tasks.
Key Innovation: LaViDa adapts discrete diffusion language models with complementary masking, prefix caching and timestep shifting, matching or exceeding autoregressive baselines while exposing controllable speed-quality and bidirectional-reasoning trade-offs.
15. Lavida-O: Elastic Large Masked Diffusion Models for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation
Core Problem: Unified masked-diffusion models had not combined high-resolution generation, editing, grounding and multimodal understanding in one architecture.
Key Innovation: Lavida-O uses an elastic mixture-of-transformers, compressed visual tokens and iterative self-reflection to couple a lightweight generation branch with a larger understanding branch across 1,024-pixel synthesis and reasoning tasks.
16. Permeability Evolution and Fine-Particle Transport in Gap-Graded Sand under a Cyclic Hydraulic Gradient due to Storm Surge and Waves
Core Problem: Internal erosion under the oscillating hydraulic gradients produced by storm surge and waves is poorly represented by monotonic seepage tests.
Key Innovation: Cyclic tests with real-time permeability and particle imaging show that subcritical oscillations reopen clogged pore throats and initiate erosion, with loading frequency controlling the final permeability.
17. Tsunami-induced scour at sheltered and rotated coastal structures
Core Problem: Tsunami-scour experiments rarely represent shielding between buildings or oblique structural orientation.
Key Innovation: Large-scale long-wave tests show wake shielding reduces scour at downstream structures, whereas 45-degree rotation redirects flow to exposed corners and increases localized scour and lateral base vortices.
18. The effects of earthquakes with different rupture patterns in the main Himalayan thrust on deformation and stress changes in the Himalayan orogenic belt and Southern Tibetan Plateau
Core Problem: How different Main Himalayan Thrust rupture patterns redistribute deformation and stress into the southern Tibetan Plateau remained unresolved.
Key Innovation: Three idealized slip models separate mountain-building deformation from far-field stress transfer, showing that surface rupture controls where uplift and subsidence occur but has little effect on the stress pattern imposed on southern Tibetan faults.
19. Probabilistic scenario-based assessment of volcanic gas-dispersion hazard at Vulcano Island, Italy
Core Problem: Outdoor exposure to CO2 and SO2 at Vulcano varies with degassing state, meteorology and incompletely constrained local sources.
Key Innovation: One thousand weather realizations from three decades of ERA5 data are coupled to passive and gravity-driven dispersion models, mapping concentration and persistence under background, unrest and escalation scenarios.
20. A Coupled Spatiotemporal Stability and Multi-Source Physical Constraint Method for Glacial Lake Extraction: A Case Study in the Central Himalayas
Core Problem: Mountain shadows, seasonal ice and fragmented water surfaces cause unstable glacial-lake inventories in high-relief terrain.
Key Innovation: The method couples temporal persistence with multisource physical constraints to suppress transient false detections and recover coherent lake boundaries across the central Himalayas.
21. Machine learning-based ground motion model with finite-fault distance metrics
Core Problem: Near-fault ground-motion models must represent finite rupture geometry without sacrificing event-to-event generalization.
Key Innovation: XGBoost trained on more than 7,700 Italian records with finite-fault distances and leave-one-event-out validation reduces overall RMSE by 56.5% relative to ITA18; SHAP patterns recover directivity, hanging-wall and saturation effects.
22. Post-earthquake seismic assessment of a heritage masonry school: comparative evaluation of field observation and nonlinear FE time-history analyses
Core Problem: Post-earthquake assessment of heritage masonry requires agreement between observed damage, material tests, soil conditions and nonlinear structural response.
Key Innovation: A tested three-dimensional model driven by recorded motions reproduces the principal in-plane and out-of-plane damage zones observed after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş sequence, supporting evidence-based safety decisions.
23. A hundred ways to get flooded: systemic variation in disaster preparedness and response
Core Problem: Improved flood forecasts do not guarantee municipal action when intervention plans and warning-to-action thresholds differ across jurisdictions.
Key Innovation: A survey of 46 Luxembourg municipalities shows that frequent action occurs only where both a documented plan and predefined threshold exist, despite nearly universal use of multiple information sources.
24. Model test for the articulated design of high-speed railway tunnel-track system under strike-slip fault dislocation
Core Problem: Flexible joints can protect a fault-crossing tunnel lining while transferring deformation into the track system.
Key Innovation: Large-scale tests show articulated lining cuts convergence, strain and earth pressure by 65%, 68% and 28%, respectively, but accelerates local separation and directional track irregularity, exposing a structural-functional trade-off.
25. A mineral-based brittleness evaluation model for microwave-damaged deep hard rocks with field validation
Core Problem: Rockburst mitigation by microwave pretreatment requires a brittleness measure that connects mineral-scale damage to field-scale rock response.
Key Innovation: A mineral-based multiscale model combines nanoindentation, microscopy, compression and Mori-Tanaka upscaling, resolves depth-dependent brittleness after irradiation and is validated on hydropower-project sandstone.
26. Microscopic and thermodynamic insights into the strengthening mechanism of ice in frozen sand
Core Problem: The strength contribution of pore ice changes sharply when ice coexists with brine, but the controlling microscale mechanism was unclear.
Key Innovation: In-situ micro-CT and interfacial thermodynamics show wet frozen sand can retain only one quarter of dry strength and one seventh of dry stiffness as cementation area and adhesion collapse near the phase boundary.
27. An intelligent framework for identifying unstable fracture states in layered sandstone using optical monitoring and machine learning
Core Problem: Early warning requires recognizing unstable fracture states before macroscopic failure in layered rock.
Key Innovation: Digital image correlation supplies full-field strain statistics to four classifiers; AdaBoost attains 0.972 recall while SHAP consistently identifies mean strain as the dominant instability signal.
28. Increasing Winter Storminess in the Southern Ross Sea, Antarctica, and Its Impact on Land-Fast Sea-Ice
Core Problem: Long records of Antarctic winter-storm activity and its influence on land-fast sea ice remain sparse, limiting attribution of recent ice variability.
Key Innovation: A station-derived storm index for 1964-2024 shows increasing winter-storm frequency and intensity in the southern Ross Sea and links exceptional variability since 2016 to fast-ice formation and breakout in McMurdo Sound.
29. Unprecedented Wetting Over Western Central Asia Dominated by Internal Climate Variability
Core Problem: The roles of external forcing and internal variability in the abrupt 1988-2007 wetting of western Central Asia were unresolved.
Key Innovation: Observations and large ensembles attribute 44.82% of the wetting to a North Atlantic sea-surface-temperature transition, versus 21.72% to external forcing; removing this mode reduces near-term precipitation uncertainty by 28.39%.
30. Disentangling the Impacts of Changes in Climate and Vegetation on Hydrological Processes Across 2,252 Global Catchments
Core Problem: How climate and vegetation changes propagate through evapotranspiration, soil water and streamflow remains poorly quantified at global catchment scale.
Key Innovation: An enhanced HBV-PML model applied to 2,252 unregulated catchments separates vegetation, precipitation and temperature effects; precipitation dominates streamflow-signature change in 73.6 +/- 10.5% of catchments, while temperature controls polar low-flow change.
31. QFireNet: A Quantum-Enhanced U-Net for Wildfire Segmentation from Sentinel-2 Imagery
Core Problem: Wildfire detection from satellite imagery is a semantic image segmentation problem that has proven to be difficult due to challenges such as class imbalance, feature complexity, and atmospheric interference.
Key Innovation: In this paper, we build on the foundational U-Net image segmentation model to develop a quantum-hybrid solution in hopes of more effectively modeling the high-dimensional spectral feature space of the Sen2Fire dataset.
32. SeeSE3: Emergence of 3D Space in Vision Features
Core Problem: Building on this insight we propose a new class of "Latent-Space Navigation" techniques that perform visual odometry and localization purely in the latent space, bypassing the need for explicit 3D reconstruction.
Key Innovation: In this paper, we ask whether vision foundation models construct representations that reflect the intrinsic properties of 3D Euclidean space.
33. LIGO-PINN: Learned Initialization via Gated Optimization to Alleviate Convergence Failures in Physics Informed Neural Networks
Core Problem: However, PINNs have been shown to perform poorly, sometimes even converging to trivial solutions, in challenging PDE domains, or when generalizing to unseen but related PDE domains.
Key Innovation: Through rigorous evaluation on 1D and 2D PDE domains, including a challenging 2D fluid dynamics setting, we demonstrate that our methodology outperforms state-of-the-art methods designed to alleviate PINN failures, achieving a 91.5% average performance improvement across six baselines and 81% over the strongest baseline.
34. SD-MAR: Multi-image Analytical Reasoning via Synthetic Data and Reinforcement Learning
Core Problem: Vision-language models remain weak at comparing multiple visual states, attributing changes and carrying quantitative evidence through a multi-step explanation.
Key Innovation: SD-MAR creates controlled paired scenes and trains with GRPO-lite and backward discounted allocation; accuracy rises by as much as 36.95% while performance on four out-of-domain benchmarks is maintained or improved.
35. Probabilistic Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Estimating Heterogeneous Elastic Properties from Low-Resolution and Noisy Displacement Data
Core Problem: Estimating spatially heterogeneous elastic properties from low-resolution displacement measurements is a severely ill-posed inverse elasticity problem because low resolution obscures spatial details needed to distinguish heterogeneous property variations, and small measurement perturbations or fitting errors are amplified through inverse estimation.
Key Innovation: To improve robustness, the framework combines a B-spline-guided displacement network with a hierarchical half-Cauchy model for displacement residual scales.
36. Beyond Single Expert: Harmonizing Diverse Visual Priors in MLLMs for Spatial Understanding
Core Problem: Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated substantial promise in spatial understanding.
Key Innovation: Specifically, ViPS introduces an Efficient Prior Proxy to generate multiple foundational priors with minimal inference overhead, and a Dynamic Prior Fusion mechanism to achieve harmonious and context-aware prior fusion and injection from the prior proxies.
37. MAGiSt3R: Multi-Agent Feed-forward 3D Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videos
Core Problem: Monocular multi-agent mapping must reconcile independently reconstructed local geometry without allowing camera drift to accumulate across long trajectories.
Key Innovation: MAGiSt3R merges feed-forward local point maps within and between agents, then applies pose-graph optimization; it reconstructs and tracks cameras at nearly 10 frames per second with higher accuracy than the evaluated baselines.
38. Sparse-LaViDa: Sparse Multimodal Discrete Diffusion Language Models
Core Problem: However, their inference speed remains suboptimal due to the need to repeatedly process redundant masked tokens at every sampling step.
Key Innovation: In this work, we propose Sparse-LaViDa, a novel modeling framework that dynamically truncates unnecessary masked tokens at each inference step to accelerate MDM sampling.
39. CANN-EUCLID: unsupervised constitutive artificial neural network model discovery from full-field data
Core Problem: Because each test samples only a narrow loading path and provides homogenized rather than local stress information, robust discovery typically requires multiple loading modes to constrain the multidimensional response.
Key Innovation: Here, we combine CANNs with the stress-unsupervised full-field discovery framework EUCLID to identify sparse hyperelastic laws directly from displacement fields and reaction forces in one heterogeneity-inducing loading case.
40. A physics-constrained deep learning framework for directional wave spectrum estimation from ship motion data
Core Problem: Directional wave spectra are difficult to recover robustly from ship motions because the inverse mapping is nonlinear and sensitive to sea-state and response-model mismatch.
Key Innovation: PCNN-WSEnet embeds response-amplitude operators and constraints on energy, spectral moments, mean direction and spreading; tests across unseen spectra and perturbed transfer functions improve accuracy and physical consistency.
41. Influence of rainfall event characteristics and antecedent conditions on subsurface stormflow response of two forested hillslopes
Core Problem: Subsurface stormflow (SSF) is a critical runoff-producing mechanism in many upland and mountainous environments, yet the complex relationships between antecedent conditions, rainfall characteristics and SSF response are still not fully understood.
Key Innovation: Worldwide, the small number of SSF collection systems (trenches), as well as the generally small number of investigated SSF events limit our ability to generalize the findings and explore the influence of a broader range of storm sizes, intensities, antecedent wetness conditions and different hydrogeologic settings.
42. Highly fragmented European wetlands with uneven restoration needs
Core Problem: European wetland restoration targets lack a spatially consistent, high-resolution baseline of wetland type, fragmentation and human disturbance.
Key Innovation: Machine learning and 10-m satellite imagery map six open-wetland types across 38 countries, estimate that 20.4 +/- 3.4% of wetland area is disturbed and identify as much as 5 Gt CO2-eq of potential soil-carbon loss.
43. Drying of the Aral Sea reshapes the anthropogenic carbon inventory of Central Asia
Core Problem: The fate of sediment carbon after large-scale lake desiccation is poorly constrained, leaving major dryland carbon budgets incomplete.
Key Innovation: Sediment cores, CO2 flux measurements and remote sensing quantify 204 +/- 53 Tg C released from the exposed Aral Sea bed since 1960; vegetation offsets less than 1%, while reflooding could avoid a further 165 +/- 13 Tg C release.
44. Global biosphere productivity response to Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation collapse during Heinrich Stadial 4
Core Problem: The response of global biosphere productivity to a weakened Atlantic overturning circulation remains uncertain in future carbon-cycle projections.
Key Innovation: Triple oxygen isotopes in polar ice reconstruct productivity across Heinrich Stadial 4, while freshwater-hosing simulations indicate that CO2 fertilization offsets the productivity loss caused by AMOC slowdown.
45. Analysis of bearing capacity and deformation of unsaturated expansive soil foundations under flood-induced lateral seepage
Core Problem: Flood-driven lateral seepage can erase matric-suction support beneath foundations on unsaturated expansive soil, but the resulting capacity loss and failure-mode transition are poorly quantified.
Key Innovation: Coupled hydro-mechanical simulations resolve suction dissipation and localized weakening: ultimate bearing capacity falls by as much as 65%, while general shear gives way to asymmetric local failure beneath the footing edges.
46. High-Precision Flood Extraction from High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images by Integrating FCN-RAM and Tolerance Rough Set
Core Problem: Severe cloud interference, limited receptive fields, insufficient boundary refinement and spatial detail preservation, and difficulty in accurately distinguishing water bodies from ground object shadows constrain the extraction method.
Key Innovation: Therefore, this study proposes an automatic flood information extraction method that integrates an improved Fully Convolutional Network classification and recognition model (FCN-RAM) with a rough tolerance set.
47. Freeze–Thaw State Detection over the Mid-to-High Latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere Using Tianmu-1 Multi-GNSS-R
Core Problem: Freeze–thaw (F/T) processes play a critical role in the regulation of soil hydrothermal dynamics, land–atmosphere energy exchange, and ecosystem functioning.
Key Innovation: These results demonstrate that TM-1 multi-GNSS-R observations have promising potential for detecting land surface F/T states during the autumn–winter freezing development period, and that integrating multi-GNSS-R reflectivity with snow cover information can substantially improve classification performance and spatial consistency within the available observation period.
48. Seismic Responses of Pile Groups in Layered Saturated Sands
Core Problem: Seismic demand on pile groups in saturated sand depends on layer order, density contrast and thickness in ways that uniform-soil models cannot represent.
Key Innovation: Three-dimensional fully coupled analyses validated against cyclic soil data isolate how weak-over-strong, strong-over-weak and uniform profiles amplify or attenuate pile bending, shear and lateral displacement under two earthquake motions.
49. DG-SLAM: A hybrid direct georeferencing and SLAM framework for real-time orthophoto mapping in weak-textured environments
Core Problem: Real-time generation of low-altitude UAV orthophotos is critical for time-sensitive decision-making in emergency response and polar vessel navigation through dynamic sea ice.
Key Innovation: However, weak or repetitive surface textures such as snow, ice, open water, and homogeneous vegetation, together with the low image overlap common in operational flight plans, severely degrade feature matching and visual odometry stability in conventional Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) systems, often leading to tracking failure and incomplete mapping products.
50. Satellite evidence of reduced resistance and resilience to water stress after antecedent fire across a rainfall gradient in northern Australia
Core Problem: Therefore, landscape-scale effects of fire on ecosystem responses to water stress in these savannas and shrublands remain poorly understood.
Key Innovation: Ecosystem responses were quantified using satellite-derived gross primary productivity (GPP) from the Global OCO-2 Solar-Induced Fluorescence (GOSIF) product.
51. Non-contact discharge estimation using physics-informed neural networks and CNN-enhanced image velocimetry
Core Problem: Accurate river discharge estimation using non-contact techniques remains a fundamental challenge in hydrology, particularly under complex field conditions.
Key Innovation: The study proposes a physics-informed framework for non-contact river discharge estimation by integrating CNN-enhanced Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (CNN-LSPIV) with physics-informed neural networks (PINNs).
52. Assessment of Sentinel-1 C-band SAR snow depth assimilation in operational hydrological modeling of high-alpine catchments
Core Problem: However, spatiotemporal modeling of the high-alpine snowpack remains challenging, due to shortcomings in its process-based descriptions and substantial deficits in input data of operational hydrological models.
Key Innovation: These results demonstrate the value of integrating satellite-derived snow information for operational alpine hydrological modeling and water resource assessment.
53. Seismic vulnerability analysis of submarine immersed tube tunnel under the mainshock-aftershocks
Core Problem: Mainshock-only fragility curves may understate the post-earthquake failure probability of immersed-tube tunnels exposed to aftershocks.
Key Innovation: Incremental dynamic analyses of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge tunnel compare mainshock-only and sequence loading, showing that aftershocks materially raise failure probability and that the increase scales with aftershock intensity.
54. Basal heave stability analysis of braced excavations in layered cohesive-frictional soils with a discretization-based kinematic mechanism
Core Problem: The rapid development of urban transportation has led to a large number of excavation projects, posing challenges to existing analytical methods for evaluating basal heave stability of excavations, particularly for deep and narrow excavations.
Key Innovation: The results indicate that the proposed method can reliably evaluate the basal heave stability of excavations under varying excavation widths, embedment depths, and soil-structure interface reduction factors.
55. Characterization of disturbed stress induced by tunnel boring machine excavation at the −280 m experimental level in Beishan underground research laboratory, China
Core Problem: Characterizing excavation-induced stress disturbances is essential for ensuring the long-term stability of deep geological repositories (DGRs).
Key Innovation: To improve the accuracy of excavation-induced stress determination, a novel three-layer mechanical model was developed to describe stress transfer within the rock-cement-sensor system.
56. TSHA: A Benchmark for Visual Language Models in Trustworthy Safety Hazard Assessment Scenarios
Core Problem: However, existing benchmarks suffer from three fundamental limitations: (1) heavy reliance on synthetic datasets constructed via simulation software, creating a significant domain gap with real-world environments; (2) oversimplified safety tasks with artificial constraints on hazard and scene types, thereby limiting model generalization; and (3) absence of rigorous evaluation protocols to thoroughly assess model capabilities in complex home safety scenarios.
Key Innovation: To address these challenges, we introduce TSHA (\textbf{T}rustworthy \textbf{S}afety \textbf{H}azards \textbf{A}ssessment), a comprehensive benchmark comprising 66,668 validated question-answer pairs, including 64,961 carefully curated training QA pairs drawn from existing indoor datasets, internet frames/images, AIGC images, newly captured images, and Hunyuan panoramic images.
57. Mechanisms of Seawater Intrusion Under Temporal Evolution of Geomorphology in Coastal Aquifers
Core Problem: Coastal-aquifer models rarely represent the lag between changing beach morphology and subsurface salinity during erosion and recovery.
Key Innovation: Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations show that storm-to-berm profile evolution leaves persistent salinity fields and temporarily produces two upper saline plumes, clarifying a delayed control on wetland groundwater restoration.
58. Technical Note: Using Benchmark Ensembles to Reduce the Impact of Streamflow Variability on Model Performance Metrics
Core Problem: Hydrologic model performance is commonly quantified with aggregated performance metrics such as the Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE).
Key Innovation: Our results demonstrate that quantifying model performance using the lowest BME score in the ensemble allows for model error to be analyzed more independently of flow variability than with the NSE, thus improving comparisons of model performance across catchments.
59. Effect of Alongshore Aquifer Property Changes on the Steady-State Extent of Seawater in Coastal Aquifers: Analytical Derivation and Numerical Validation
Core Problem: Analytical seawater-intrusion models generally omit alongshore contrasts in aquifer hydraulic conductivity.
Key Innovation: New sharp-interface solutions, validated numerically, show when inland head or flux conditions induce cross-shore and alongshore redistribution and delimit the coastal distance over which a conductivity transition alters seawater extent.
60. Explainable Geospatial AI for Satellite Ground Station Siting Using LiDAR-Derived Terrain Intelligence
Core Problem: Representative clutter height (RCH) is a key parameter in radio propagation and interference analysis because it captures the dominant height of local obstructions that drive terminal clutter loss.
Key Innovation: The authors present an interpretable, globally deployable machine learning framework for predicting RCH from open geospatial data.
61. AE-UAV: An Air-to-Air Event-Based UAV Tracking Benchmark and a Real-Time Frequency-Domain Tracker
Core Problem: However, the deployment of continuous, real-time tracking systems on UAVs presents significant challenges.
Key Innovation: To bridge these gaps, we introduce AE-UAV, an air-to-air event-based UAV tracking benchmark.
62. Asymmetric Peak-Aware Loss for Peak-Critical Time Series Forecasting
Core Problem: Accurate prediction of rare demand spikes plays a critical role in downstream tasks.
Key Innovation: The authors introduce Asymmetric Peak-Aware Loss (APAL), a simple, model-agnostic objective that (i) penalizes under-predictions more heavily and (ii) increases the training weight of peak regions within each forecast window.
63. A Minimal Interpretable Architecture for Zero-Shot Reconstruction of Dynamical Systems
Core Problem: Recent foundation models (FMs) for zero-shot reconstruction of dynamical systems (DS) achieve strong out-of-domain generalization but provide little insight into the mechanisms that underlie their forecasts.
Key Innovation: Theoretical and empirical analysis of DynaBase further leads to a 1-parameter family of maps, with the context-parroting algorithm of (Zhang & Gilpin, 2026) recovered at one end, and chaotic (divergent but bounded) behavior at the other.
64. DAPGNet: Dynamic Adaptive Physics-Guided Graph Diffusion Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification
Core Problem: However, the spectral physical prior carried by contiguous bands has limited influence on topology estimation and message propagation.
Key Innovation: Existing graph-based HSI classifiers usually construct graph topology from spatial proximity, superpixel connectivity, or learned feature affinity.
65. HoloGeo: Mitigating Landmark Bias in Geo-localization via Evidence-Driven Reasoning
Core Problem: Recent advances in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly improved image geo-localization, yet existing models remain susceptible to landmark bias, causing them to overlook geographical cues or form spurious correlations, ultimately resulting in inaccurate localization.
Key Innovation: To mitigate landmark bias, we further propose an evidence-driven reasoning framework, HoloGeo, to improve the reliability of geo-localization.
66. Decision Making Needs Uncertainty Quantification [Lecture Notes]
Core Problem: Whenever the state variable that determines the action to be taken by a decision maker, or agent, is uncertain, the way that uncertainty is represented decides how well the agent performs and how much its performance can be trusted.
Key Innovation: This lecture note develops, from first principles and within a single decision-theoretic setting, the link between the {objective} and the knowledge of an agent and the form of uncertainty representation that is sufficient to act optimally.
67. Image-to-Point Cloud Registration Made Easy with Rectified Flow-based LiDAR Upsampling
Core Problem: Image-to-Point Cloud Registration (I2P) is essential for integrating camera and LiDAR in perception and autonomous systems, yet the modality gap between images and point clouds makes it difficult to achieve both high accuracy and strong generalization.
Key Innovation: Experiments on the R3LIVE dataset show that the proposed method achieves a mean error of 4.89{\deg} / 1.63 m, outperforming existing methods, while completing a single registration in approximately 0.68 s.
68. Subjective Risk Decomposition: A New View for Uncertainty Quantification
Core Problem: The authors present a novel viewpoint for uncertainty quantification.
Key Innovation: The same approach recovers numerous measures previously proposed across the UQ literature, providing them a common theoretical foundation.
69. Simulating Automotive Radar with Lidar and Camera Inputs
Core Problem: However, the lack of quality datasets hinders research and development.
Key Innovation: The network outperforms the counterpart trained only on raw radar data, a promising result to facilitate future radar-based research and development.
70. DINO-SLAM: DINO-informed RGB-D SLAM for Neural Implicit and Explicit Representations
Core Problem: This latter alone, however, lacks proper 3D geometry understanding, allowing only for marginal improvements.
Key Innovation: The study presents DINO-SLAM, a DINO-informed design strategy to enhance implicit (Neural Radiance Field -- NeRF) and explicit representations (Gaussian Splatting -- GS) in SLAM systems through the more comprehensive semantics understanding enabled by DINO.
71. MapAnything: Evaluating Monocular Metric Depth Models for 3D Urban Asset Localization
Core Problem: Keeping urban asset inventories current normally requires labor-intensive surveys because a single monocular image does not directly provide object coordinates.
Key Innovation: MapAnything combines metric monocular depth, camera geometry and object detections to geolocate assets, then benchmarks distance error against LiDAR by range and semantic setting and demonstrates mapping of signs and pavement damage.
72. Contrastive Conformal Sets
Core Problem: However, existing contrastive learning methods lack a principled construction of geometric sets in the semantic feature space with distribution-free guarantees at any user-specified coverage level.
Key Innovation: The authors extend conformal prediction to this setting by introducing covering sets equipped with learnable generalized hyper-ball constraints.
73. BathyFacto: Refraction-Aware Two-Media Neural Radiance Fields for Bathymetry
Core Problem: Even after a naive refractive-index depth correction, both baselines remain offset by approximately 0.4,m.
Key Innovation: The authors present BathyFacto, a refraction-aware two-media extension of Nerfacto in Nerfstudio for metrically consistent underwater point clouds on simulated data.
74. Towards Consistent Video Geometry Estimation
Core Problem: Video geometry models rarely support streaming, complete-sequence and long-video inference while preserving dense temporal consistency in one model.
Key Innovation: ViGeo combines dynamic chunking attention with completion-refined supervision, allowing one transformer to switch causal context at inference and jointly predict depth, point maps and normals across online and offline settings.
75. Toward Robust In-Context Segmentation via Concept Guidance
Core Problem: Despite recent progress, prior ICS studies have largely overlooked a critical aspect: system robustness, ie, whether the model can produce stable segmentation results for the same query under different references.
Key Innovation: In this work, we revisit ICS from the robustness perspective and introduce a novel paradigm, Concept-Guided In-Context Segmentation (CG-ICS), which performs segmentation by extracting high-level semantic concepts from references rather than relying solely on low-level visual matching.
76. RASR: Range-Aware Scale Recovery for Metric UAV Navigation
Core Problem: A central challenge in image-goal UAV navigation under Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) denial is estimating metric distance and heading between current and goal views.
Key Innovation: In this paper, Range-Aware Scale Recovery (RASR) is proposed, which complements global scale calibration with range-aware residual correction.
77. Cavity expansion-contraction-based interpretation of pressuremeter tests in sand
Core Problem: Sand state inferred from pressuremeter loading curves is strongly biased by installation, while the more reliable unloading branch lacks an efficient complete-curve interpretation.
Key Innovation: An exact drained cavity contraction solution is coupled to covariance-matrix adaptation to recover horizontal stress, state parameter and soil properties from loading and unloading; virtual, laboratory and field tests validate the inversion.
78. Friction angle of sandy soils from CPT using the NTH limit plasticity solution
Core Problem: A closed-form effective stress limit plasticity solution for assessing the peak effective friction angle (ϕ’) in soils from piezocone penetration tests (CPTU) was developed by the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) over five decades ago with the versatility that it could address all soils, including clays, silts, sands, and mixed soil types.
Key Innovation: A recently compiled database on 32 well-documented sands and silty sands that were subjected to both in situ CPTU soundings and high-quality field sampling with laboratory triaxial compression tests (n = 71) permits a look at the verification and validation of the NTH solution for evaluating ϕ′ in granular soils having uncrushable grains.
79. Effects of sample preparation methods on initial sand fabric: X-ray CT exploration
Core Problem: However, in-depth investigations into how the initial soil fabric might change with different preparation methods are lacking, hindering selection of proper sample preparation methods when studying fabric evolution effects and calibration of initial soil packing conditions in discrete element-based modelling.
Key Innovation: Enabled by in situ X-ray computed tomography imaging, three-dimensional initial fabrics of samples prepared by six commonly used methods were systematically investigated.
80. Characterization of pore structures in coral reef limestones and DEM simulations of compressive failure
Core Problem: The pore structure of coral reef limestones significantly impacts the stability of reef island engineering foundations.
Key Innovation: Quasi-static compression tests were conducted to investigate the influence of these structures on macroscopic failure and deformation.
81. An interpretation of the stress-dilatancy turning hook of bioclastic carbonate sediments from the perspective of particle breakage and energy dissipation
Core Problem: The downward hook in the stress-dilatancy response of crushable bioclastic carbonate sediment lacked a measure linking its full geometry to particle breakage and energy dissipation.
Key Innovation: A composite turning-hook index captures the complete path and is related to normalized plastic shear work, confining pressure and coral-gravel content, providing an energy-based interpretation of the transition after peak stress ratio.
82. Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing for Monitoring Piles under Eccentric Load
Core Problem: While the inclusion of eccentricity had a minor effect on the estimated load-transfer parameters, it was critical in identifying localized anomalies and explaining pile-specific responses.
Key Innovation: The results indicated that even minor construction-induced eccentricities, within standard tolerance limits, can produce asymmetric strain profiles that are often undetectable using conventional sensors.
83. In Situ Soil Characterization Device for Offshore Applications
Core Problem: A mechanically actuated cylindrical probe is introduced for in-situ measurement of soil strength and stiffness under cyclic lateral displacement in offshore settings.
Key Innovation: Triaxial-cell calibration at confining pressures of 30, 60 and 90 kPa produces a linear relation between peak axial force and confining pressure (R2 = 0.99), validating the expansion mechanism while identifying friction and sealing as priorities for the next design iteration.
84. Underwater seafloor reconstruction via extended Gaussian-opacity ray integration with Multi-Dimensional Transform Filtering
Core Problem: Underwater scattering and absorption create view-dependent blur and floating primitives during Gaussian-splatting reconstruction of the seafloor.
Key Innovation: Multi-Dimensional Transform Filtering aggregates opacity evidence across sightlines to suppress medium-induced primitives and fuse stable geometry; real-scene tests improve PSNR by 0.970 dB and reduce Chamfer distance by 25.9% relative to the stated baselines.
85. Mapping of the Liao River Delta Wetland From 2016 to 2024 Based on the Dynamic Spatiotemporal Fusion Model
Core Problem: Long-term wetland maps must separate seasonal phenology from land-cover change while retaining fine spatial detail.
Key Innovation: A dynamic spatiotemporal fusion network combines multiscale features, learnable positional encoding and gated attention to produce annual 10-m maps of the Liao River Delta wetland from 2016 to 2024.
86. SU-CFNet: Spectral Unmixing Guided Cross-Fusion Network for Hyperspectral and Multispectral Images
Core Problem: However, deep-learning-based fusion methods frequently suffer from spatial and spectral distortions.
Key Innovation: Both quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves the best performance in two core metrics: spectral fidelity and spatial detail preservation, significantly outperforming the comparison methods.
87. Bridging the SMAP Era and the Presatellite Period: Long-Term Surface Soil Moisture Reconstruction in a Humid and Semihumid Monsoon Basin Since 1951
Core Problem: The Soil Moisture Active Passive Level 4 (SMAP L4) soil moisture product offers global, high-resolution estimates generated via selective, quality-controlled assimilation of L-band brightness temperature sources, but its limited historical records (since 2015) constrain the following long-term geoscience studies.
Key Innovation: Given this, we reconstruct a retrospective surface soil moisture dataset (1951-2016) for a humid and semihumid area (Huai River Basin, China) using a Random Forest (RF) approach within a multisource framework that integrates ERA5_Land meteorological inputs, SMAP ancillary data, and static geographic information.
88. Sentinel 2-Based AI Bitemporal Anomaly Detection for Urban Wastewater Mapping and Impacts Assessment
Core Problem: Wastewater-related surface anomalies can be spectrally subtle and difficult to separate from ordinary seasonal change in multispectral satellite imagery.
Key Innovation: A Sentinel-2 workflow couples spatial downscaling, a spectral autoencoder and bitemporal reconstruction errors, then checks the resulting anomaly maps against residual and principal-component alternatives to identify coherent wastewater signatures.
89. Distinguishing Mineral Oil Slicks From Low-Wind Areas Using High-SNR Synthetic Aperture Radar
Core Problem: Mineral-oil slicks and low-wind ocean surfaces both appear radar-dark, creating a persistent ambiguity for single-acquisition spill mapping.
Key Innovation: A physically interpreted Kolmogorov-Smirnov index separates oil from low wind, grease ice and open water across airborne and spaceborne SAR scenes, including controlled releases, and is designed for near-real-time response.
90. PlanetGSD 1.0: a cross-planetary grain-size distribution dataset from the Earth, the Moon, and the Mars
Core Problem: Comparative studies of surface processes across planetary bodies are hindered by the lack of consistently parameterized, openly accessible soil data, especially the grain-size distributions (GSDs) data.
Key Innovation: Here we present PlanetGSD 1.0, the first standardized and unified cross-planetary GSD database.
91. Evaluation of four remote sensing algorithms in estimating actual evapotranspiration in agricultural environments
Core Problem: Actual-evapotranspiration algorithms require ground validation before they can support water management in regions where direct measurements are sparse.
Key Innovation: Four Landsat-based algorithms are tested against a weighing lysimeter and weather-station extrapolation over 36,000 hectares; the vegetation-index method performs best (R2 = 0.85; RMSE = 0.58 mm d-1) with estimated uncertainty of 7-12%.
92. Reference evapotranspiration trends and climate sensitivity in a semi-arid basin
Core Problem: Long-term atmospheric water demand and its climatic controls remain poorly constrained in semi-arid basins exposed to increasing drought pressure.
Key Innovation: Twenty-five years of observations and four trend analyses identify an annual reference-evapotranspiration increase of about 0.05 mm d-1 yr-1, with wind speed contributing more than 90% of modeled variability.
93. Mapping Potential Groundwater Discharge Indicators in Urban Rivers: A Thermal Remote Sensing and Machine-Learning Approach for Tangshan City
Core Problem: Groundwater discharge through permeable riverbeds sustains river baseflow and aquatic ecosystems, yet its spatial distribution in urban watersheds remains poorly quantified.
Key Innovation: To address this, we established a conceptual framework integrating Landsat 8/9 thermal remote sensing with machine learning to screen and map thermally anomalous river reaches consistent with potential groundwater influence in Tangshan City, China.
94. Earth Observation-Driven Inference for Level-4 Terrestrial Products: Process-Based, Machine Learning, and Hybrid Frameworks
Core Problem: These Level-4 (L4) variables are instead inferred through model-based estimation systems that integrate EO data with models describing system dynamics, observation operators, and uncertainty, and should therefore be interpreted as model-conditioned estimates rather than direct observations.
Key Innovation: This review synthesizes three complementary approaches for L4 inference: (1) process-based data assimilation, (2) machine learning (ML), and (3) hybrid process–ML methods, corresponding to explicit, implicit, and integrated inference frameworks.
95. A Remote Sensing-Based Groundwater Level Monitoring System Using Machine Learning
Core Problem: Groundwater is an essential natural resource for human societies and ecosystems.
Key Innovation: The results show that the Ensemble model outperforms the individual baseline models evaluated in this study (i.e., KNN, RF, and XGBoost), achieving a mean coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.81, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.34 m, normalized RMSE (NRMSE) of 11.8%, and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.78.
96. ESGS: A 3D Reconstruction Method for the Martian Surface Based on Optical Remote Sensing Images
Core Problem: In order to meet the analysis requirements of the Martian surface scene, this paper proposes an explicit surface-geometry-constrained Gaussian splatting (ESGS) method.
Key Innovation: Secondly, we designed the Gaussian parameter-based deformable fusion network (GPDFN) to fuse multi-receptive-field feature information.
97. Pore structure control of an adaptive biobased hydrogel for improving the mechanical properties of expansive soil under dry-wet cycles
Core Problem: Repeated wetting and drying coarsens pores, propagates cracks and progressively weakens expansive soil, limiting the durability of conventional stabilization.
Key Innovation: A water-responsive chitosan-grafted hydrogel buffers volumetric cycling and stabilizes pore structure; at 3 wt% it cuts crack severity by 60.7% and retains roughly 57-58% of unconfined strength after five cycles.
98. Physics-informed hierarchical cascaded optimization framework for intelligent identification of structural damage in offshore jacket platforms
Core Problem: As critical load-bearing structures for offshore energy exploitation, jacket platforms confront severe challenges of non-uniform degradation during long-term service.
Key Innovation: Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits exceptional robustness across diverse and complex scenarios, including spatially isolated, adjacent regional, and mixed gradient damages, which precisely localizes subtle impairments and significantly suppresses false alarms in non-damaged zones.
99. SCOUT-Count: Stylization with covariance-whitening and uncertainty for domain-generalized remote sensing object counting
Core Problem: Object counting in remote sensing imagery faces significant challenges due to domain shift, manifested as variations in geographical background, object scale, image resolution, and imaging style across datasets.
Key Innovation: Given the specific characteristics of remote sensing data, the CLIP-based Class activation map Adjuster (CCA) module leverages the pretrained CLIP-RS model’s remote sensing semantic knowledge to improve the robustness of density maps against cluttered backgrounds.
100. Automatic identification of ice-snow-water contaminants on airport pavements using 1D self-attention CNN
Core Problem: To resolve the dual challenges of inefficient manual detection and suboptimal classification accuracy for diverse ice-snow-water contaminants on airport pavements, this study proposes an automated recognition method based on a one-dimensional spectral self-attention convolutional neural network (1D SA-CNN).
Key Innovation: A neural network model incorporating self-attention mechanisms was developed, achieving automated identification and classification of ice, water, wet snow, dry snow, slush, and compacted snow with 550 sample training datasets.
101. Measurement and tracking of blowing and falling snow particles using an automotive 1550 nm LiDAR
Core Problem: The ability of affordable 1,550-nm automotive LiDAR to measure airborne snow cannot be inferred reliably because commercial laser specifications are rarely disclosed.
Key Innovation: Controlled blowing- and falling-snow experiments demonstrate high-rate volumetric measurements and track precipitation particles larger than 1 mm for several seconds at ranges up to 10 m.
102. Energy-based damage acceleration threshold for deep granite under high confinement triaxial cyclic loading in compressed air energy storage caverns
Core Problem: Repeated pressurization of deep compressed-air storage caverns can accelerate granite damage under high confinement without an operationally useful energy threshold.
Key Innovation: Cyclic triaxial tests, NMR and post-failure CT identify the peak elastic-energy fraction as a damage-acceleration threshold and derive a fracture-energy index that tracks cumulative degradation across depth and confinement.
103. A novel multi-physics-informed CGAN method for predicting TBM disc cutter wear in composite strata
Core Problem: The prediction of disc cutter wear in Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) remains a significant challenge during tunneling in composite strata.
Key Innovation: The model integrates four key physical components: an improved analytical wear model as physics, enhanced positional encoding for cutter spatial distribution, relative cutterhead stiffness derived from Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations with physics, and real-time geological identification via a Dynamic Time Warping-enhanced k-means (DTW-kmeans) clustering algorithm.
104. Wireless sensing for intelligent monitoring and condition assessment in distributed infrastructure systems
Core Problem: Distributed infrastructure systems, including networks for transporting oil, gas, and water, play a critical role in modern society by enabling the reliable delivery of essential resources.
Key Innovation: This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of recent research and developments in wireless sensing technologies applied to distributed infrastructure systems over the past decade, with specific emphasis on fluid transport networks.
105. Element-free numerical manifold method based on the GZZ constitutive model for stability analysis of deeply buried jointed tunnels
Core Problem: To accurately characterize the mechanical response of deeply buried rock masses under complex stress states and the discontinuous effect between joints, the smoothed GZZ strength criterion is introduced into the continuous-discontinuous computational framework of the Element-Free Numerical Manifold Method (E-NMM).
Key Innovation: The numerical implementation of the GZZ constitutive model is achieved based on the return mapping algorithm, and the relaxation iteration method is adopted to solve the convergence problem of the double nonlinearity problem.
106. Linkage of the stationary threshold sizes of surface roughness and shear strength for natural rock joints: A quantitative estimation framework
Core Problem: The stationary threshold sizes at which the roughness and shear strength of rock joints become stable are critical for specimen size selection in experiments and for extrapolating laboratory results to field-scale applications; however, these threshold sizes and their quantitative linkage remain poorly understood, and existing specimen-size recommendations often cannot provide condition-dependent predictions.
Key Innovation: Subsequently, the quantitative linkage between L ST-r and the shear strength threshold size (L ST-τ ) was established by analyzing the L ST-r /L ST-τ ratio via multivariable nonlinear regression.
107. Experimental study on dynamic strength characteristics and strength criterion of sandstone
Core Problem: The dynamic strength characteristics of water-bearing rocks under complex stress states are of great significance for the safe construction and stability evaluation of deep underground engineering.
Key Innovation: To investigate the coupled effects of strain rate, confining pressure, and water content on the strength, dynamic triaxial compression tests are conducted using a three-dimensional Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) system on sandstone with different water contents.
108. The global groundwater research knowledge divide
Core Problem: However, this growth is highly concentrated, as a small group of high-income countries accounts for 62% of publications and 68% of citations, while many groundwater-dependent regions remain marginal in both knowledge production and collaborative networks.
Key Innovation: Here, we use large-scale bibliometric analysis of 53,163 groundwater-related scholarly publications produced over the last ∼50 years, combining keyword co-occurrence mapping, document co-citation analysis, and collaboration network analysis to examine the evolution of research themes, geographic contributions, and international collaboration networks.
109. FPD-net: an efficient surrogate model for complex nonplanar hydraulic fracture propagation based on a deep convolutional-autoregressive dense neural network
Core Problem: Even under natural fracture conditions, these metrics remained at 0.82, 0.90, and 0.89 respectively, with prediction results highly consistent with numerical simulations.
Key Innovation: Employing a densely connected architecture, it achieves a nonlinear mapping from multi-source features to two-dimensional fracture distributions.
110. Why Shear Causes More Particle Breakage than Compression: The Role of Contact Fabric and Energy Efficiency
Core Problem: Although it is well recognized that shear stress causes more severe particle breakage than pure compression, the micromechanical origins of this disparity remain unclear.
Key Innovation: The study employs 3D discrete element method simulations to investigate the distinct breakage behaviors of carbonate sand particles under isotropic compression, consolidated-drained, and consolidated-undrained shearing.
111. Macroscopic and microscopic tensile strength correlations in rock-like materials based on circular particle-based discrete element models
Core Problem: Nevertheless, establishing quantitative micro-macro correlations for DEM parameter interpretation remains challenging, particularly for tensile failure.
Key Innovation: The results show that the proposed framework can capture the main trends of macroscopic tensile strength within the investigated modelling class, including the influences of particle-size distribution, porosity, and cavity defects.
112. A two-step homogenization approach for a micromechanics-based 3D strength criterion of porous rocks
Core Problem: Phenomenological strength criteria do not link porous-rock microstructure to three-dimensional brittle shear, ductile compaction and their stress-dependent transition.
Key Innovation: A two-step pore-crack homogenization and thermodynamic limit analysis separates shear and compaction controls, then extends a convex yield surface into true-triaxial stress space and reproduces failure across low- and high-porosity rocks.
113. Soil arching effect under high geostress: Experimental, numerical and theoretical models
Core Problem: Conventional trapdoor arching models do not capture how high geostress confines particle motion, delays arch formation and redistributes deep earth pressure.
Key Innovation: Model tests and discrete-element simulations motivate a three-zone self-weight, parabolic end-bearing arch and loosened-zone theory that reproduces the measured earth-pressure evolution under increasing initial stress.
114. A forward representation of surface wave phase velocity based on spatial averaging
Core Problem: The forward relation between spatially variable shear-wave velocity and apparent Rayleigh-wave phase velocity is obscured when the subsurface is treated as one-dimensional.
Key Innovation: Apparent phase velocity is represented as a weighted geometric average of the two-dimensional shear-wave field; Gaussian weights calibrated by random finite-element simulations remain consistent in numerical and field tests.
115. Unified manifold element mesh generation for geomechanics: Geological multi-representation input adaptation and parallelization
Core Problem: Manifold element (ME) mesh generation is a critical prerequisite for numerical manifold method (NMM)-based geomechanical analysis, yet existing methods lack the ability to accept arbitrary geological meshes directly from industry-standard modeling software.
Key Innovation: The study proposes a unified 2D/3D algorithmic framework that converts any unstructured geological mesh-regardless of fault geometry, stratigraphic complexity, or element type-directly into computation-ready NMM cover systems, without requiring problem-specific preprocessing.
116. Long term deformation behavior of granite residual soil in the Greater Bay Area under three-dimensional cyclic stress paths
Core Problem: Long-term deformation of granite residual soil under genuinely three-dimensional cyclic stress paths cannot be inferred from conventional one-directional loading tests.
Key Innovation: True-triaxial cycling separates the opposing roles of intermediate principal stress and the restraining role of mean stress, then embeds all three cyclic components in an exponential-hyperbolic estimate of ultimate permanent strain.
117. In-situ improvement technology for geologically complex subgrades based on the multimodal vibratory compaction method
Core Problem: As transportation infrastructure extends into geologically complex regions, subgrade treatment increasingly faces multiple challenges, including weak ground, spatial nonuniformity, and water-sensitive deformation.
Key Innovation: In-situ ground improvement tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
118. Energy evolution and failure property of granite from pre- to post-peak under high-temperature and cyclic stress coupled conditions in deeply buried railway tunnels
Core Problem: Energy storage and release in deep granite under coupled high temperature, differential stress and cyclic loading remained poorly constrained through the post-peak stage.
Key Innovation: True-triaxial tests from 30 to 180 degrees Celsius resolve five energy phases and show that heating raises pre-peak storage and residual energy, suppresses elastic release and promotes tensile microfracturing.
119. Intelligent Compaction Optimization for Soil-Rock Mixture Subgrade Using Vibration Signals Cross-Correlation
Core Problem: The heterogeneity of subgrade soils presents a significant limitation to the application of Intelligent Compaction Measurement Value (ICMV).
Key Innovation: The in-situ rock content distribution was initially mapped, followed by compaction quality assessment using a Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer (PFWD) and a Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP).
120. Characterizing the scale of fluctuation of very soft marine clay using CPT soundings
Core Problem: Reliability analysis of very soft marine clay is sensitive to detrending, sampling interval and lag choice, yet site-scale vertical correlation is sparsely quantified.
Key Innovation: Twenty-one CPT profiles, stationarity testing and four variance-reduction models constrain vertical fluctuation scales to 0.11-1.07 m and identify practical lag and 0.1-m sampling requirements for stable estimation.
121. Mechanical behavior and particle breakage of calcareous sand under anisotropic consolidation and complex loading paths
Core Problem: Despite their practical importance, the combined effects of anisotropic consolidation and loading paths on the mechanical response and particle breakage of calcareous sand remain insufficiently understood.
Key Innovation: Based on the relationships among particle breakage B, mean effective stress pʹ, and stress ratio η, a particle breakage evolution model is developed.
122. Three-directional permeability evolution characteristics of cyan sandstone under true triaxial conditions
Core Problem: Permeability evolution in water-rich rock is direction dependent under true-triaxial stress, but conventional tests do not resolve the separate pore and fracture pathways.
Key Innovation: A three-direction seepage-stress system and post-failure CT reveal a decrease-stable-rise permeability sequence, quantify post-peak anisotropy and support a pore-plus-fracture evolution model that fits the experiments.
123. Structural design and strain transfer mechanism of fiber Bragg grating-3D-printed geogrid
Core Problem: The effectiveness of both is constrained by the adhesive layer radius.
Key Innovation: The results indicate that the proposed strain transfer model aligns well with the experimental data, with a maximum relative error of less than 3 %, demonstrating its effectiveness in monitoring geogrid deformation.
124. Macro-meso modified shear model of 3D-printed rock structural plane reinforced by basalt fiber low-carbon geopolymer mortar
Core Problem: The presence of a structural plane poses a serious threat to the safety of the surrounding rock in tunnels during construction.
Key Innovation: The study innovatively applied the optimized basalt fiber-reinforced geopolymer mortar (FR-GPM) to reinforce the 3D-printed rock structural plane, and proposed a modified shear strength model for grouted structural planes.
125. Tectonic Controls on Volcanism and Associated Hydrothermal Activity in a Sediment-Dominated Mid-Ocean Ridge; Escanaba Trough
Core Problem: A primary challenge in such environments is overcoming the masking effect of thick sediments on basement structures that control magmatic and hydrothermal activity.
Key Innovation: The study presents an interdisciplinary investigation into the tectonics of the Escanaba Trough, a heavily sedimented axial valley at the southern Gorda Ridge in the Northeast Pacific Ocean.
126. XCT-SAM: Sequential Parameter-Efficient Domain Adaptation of SAM for Industrial XCT Defect Segmentation
Core Problem: Defect segmentation in additive manufacturing (AM) X-ray computed tomography (XCT) images remains challenging due to severe class imbalance and large distribution shifts across scan conditions.
Key Innovation: The authors present XCT-SAM, a sequential parameter-efficient adaptation framework for AM XCT defect segmentation.
127. Depth-Dependent Hidden-State Collapse in Dynamical System Autoencoders for LiDAR Point-Cloud Classification
Core Problem: The authors study Dynamical System Autoencoders (DSAE) for LiDAR point-cloud classification using spatial coordinates and Product Coefficient feature augmentations.
Key Innovation: Product Coefficients neither improve pre-collapse macro F1 nor prevent the $K=5$ collapse in the present DSAE setting.
128. A$^2$TG: Adaptive Anisotropic Textured Gaussians for Efficient 3D Scene Representation
Core Problem: While recent works extend Gaussians with learnable textures to enrich visual appearance, existing approaches allocate a fixed square texture per primitive, leading to inefficient memory usage and limited adaptability to scene variability.
Key Innovation: This design significantly improves texture efficiency, reducing memory consumption while enhancing image quality.
129. Backbone-Agnostic Stochastic Perturbation Learning for End-to-End Real-World Image Dehazing
Core Problem: Real-world paired image dehazing remains challenging because haze degradation is spatially non-uniform, illumination-dependent, and physically ambiguous even when haze-free references are available.
Key Innovation: Existing end-to-end restoration networks usually learn a deterministic mapping from a hazy observation to a clean target, while degradation-sensitive feature responses, reverse haze-formation consistency, and cross-domain negative structure remain insufficiently exploited.
130. Micromechanical properties characterization of reconstituted cohesive soils: a structure-retaining sampling and statistical assessment approach
Core Problem: Understanding the microscale mechanical characteristics of soil is critical for advancing multiscale soil mechanics.
Key Innovation: To assess the microscale mechanical properties and behaviors of grains/particles in cohesive soils interface, a structure-retaining sampling method, combined with atomic force microscopy, nanoindentation (NI), and microhardness (MH) testing were developed.
131. Development and application of a multi-needle system for determining anisotropy and local spatial variability in soil thermal conductivity
Core Problem: Conventional single thermal needle configurations are limited in capturing spatial, directional, and time-dependent variabilities in soil thermal conductivity.
Key Innovation: The findings demonstrate the potential of multi-location thermal measurements as a diagnostic tool for detecting soil heterogeneity and manually induced disturbance, providing more representative thermal characterization for submarine cable design and other thermal-related structures.
132. Scour caused by stationary circular developing water jets in cohesive soils
Core Problem: Scour by developing water jets in cohesive soil is less well characterized than erosion of non-cohesive sediment, particularly near equilibrium depth.
Key Innovation: Laboratory tests across jet pressure, nozzle diameter and stand-off distance support a semi-theoretical equilibrium-depth expression that requires no soil-specific calibration and remains consistent with independent datasets.
133. Experimental and numerical study on the dynamic fracture behaviors of pre-flawed Brazilian disc ice in SHPB tests
Core Problem: Investigating the fracture evolution mechanisms and bearing characteristics of pre-flawed ice under dynamic loading is vital for polar resource development and the assessment of engineering safety.
Key Innovation: Employing an established and validated numerical model, the impact of flaw length, number, spacing, and relative angle on the dynamic peak load and failure modes was examined.
134. Influence of pile-rock interface roughness on load transfer and failure mechanisms of rock-socketed piles for marine foundation engineering
Core Problem: Rock-socketed piles are widely used in marine foundation engineering, where the pile-rock interface plays a key role in controlling uplift resistance and load transfer.
Key Innovation: The study investigates the influence of pile-rock interface roughness on the mechanical performance and failure mechanisms of rock-socketed piles through direct shear tests, discrete element method (DEM), large-scale model tests, and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) analysis.
135. Analysis of the effect of local scour on pile-soil interaction in marine pile foundation
Core Problem: Local scouring around marine pile foundations under the action of waves and currents significantly alters the soil support conditions surrounding the piles, and will affect the pile-soil interaction mechanism as well as the overall stability of the superstructure.
Key Innovation: First, a computational method for wave-current force distribution considering local scour effects was established using the Morison equation and the scour hole morphology prediction formula.
136. Neural Spatiotemporal Interpolation for Gap Filling of GNSS-R Soil Moisture Data
Core Problem: Many applications, however, benefit from access to seamless, gap-free soil moisture datacubes.
Key Innovation: The study introduces Neural Spatiotemporal Interpolation (NSTI), a deep learning framework for gap filling of GNSS-R-derived soil moisture spatiotemporal datacubes.
137. SFE-FM: A Dual-Branch Network with Spectral Feature Enhancement and Feature Mixing for Hyperspectral Image Classification
Core Problem: Hyperspectral image (HSI) classification remains a challenging task due to its high-dimensional spectral characteristics and the complex spatial heterogeneity of remote sensing scenes.
Key Innovation: To this end, this paper proposes a spatial–spectral dual-branch network (SFE-FM) for HSI classification, which combines spectral feature enhancement with a lightweight feature fusion mechanism to improve feature representational capacity.
138. Satellite Embedding Features for Grassland Aboveground Biomass Estimation in Complex Mountainous Terrain: A Case Study of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, China
Core Problem: However, accurate regional-scale AGB estimation in complex mountainous terrain remains challenging because of fragmented topography, strong environmental gradients, and heterogeneous grassland patches.
Key Innovation: The study evaluated the applicability of satellite embedding features for grassland AGB estimation in the Three Parallel Rivers region of Yunnan Province, China.
139. Fluid-structure-seabed coupling mechanism for scoured offshore wind turbine monopiles
Core Problem: In calculating pile-soil interactions, traditional methods treat fluid flow as an independent external load applied statically or quasi-statically to the structure via empirical or semi-empirical formulas (such as the Morison equation), while simplifying the foundation into a linear spring or fixed end.
Key Innovation: The study treats fluid, structure, and geotechnical components as a tightly interconnected dynamic system, aiming to establish mathematical models capable of describing their multiphysics coupling.
140. Coupling effects of multiple factors on sand-structure interface behaviour for deep underground space
Core Problem: In this study, a series of interface shear tests were conducted using a self-designed multifunctional shear apparatus.
Key Innovation: These findings can provide a technical reference for the design and stability analysis of deep underground structures.
141. Investigation on temperature boundary characteristics of freezing pipe in liquid nitrogen artificial ground freezing considering boiling heat transfer: validation from field experiment and numerical simulation
Core Problem: However, liquid nitrogen undergoes intense boiling-phase-change heat transfer within the freezing pipe, resulting in a significantly nonlinear distribution of heat transfer intensity along the pipe.
Key Innovation: The results demonstrate that the developed model can accurately reproduce the core characteristics of the measured temperature, including the non-uniform freezing pattern along the pipe and the time-history temperature curve trends at various monitoring points.
142. Experimental Study on Supercritical CO₂ Fracturing in Granite Under Different Injection Modes
Core Problem: Supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) fracturing is a promising technology for the stimulation of hot dry rock (HDR) reservoirs.
Key Innovation: Moreover, SC-CO₂ fracturing exhibited a higher fracture propagation rate than hydraulic fracturing, thereby promoting rapid fracture development.
143. Triaxial Creep Behavior and Meso-structural Characteristics of Rock-Concrete Composites with Different Interface Roughness
Core Problem: However, the pore structure undergoes a significant redistribution with changes in roughness, and both porosity and fractal dimension exhibit a trend of first decreasing and then increasing as roughness increases.
Key Innovation: Increasing interface roughness effectively suppresses interface slip and the development of creep deformation under high stress levels.
144. Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation for Stabilizing High-Gypsum Soil
Core Problem: Nine EICP formulations (A-H and J) were prepared using urea, urease, and, in selected mixtures, CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O as an external calcium source, whereas the remaining formulations relied on calcium released through gypsum dissolution within the soil matrix.
Key Innovation: The study evaluates the effectiveness of enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) in mitigating the collapse behavior of a soil containing 53% gypsum by mass.
145. Adaptive path planning for occupant evacuation in metro fires via soft actor-critic reinforcement learning
Core Problem: Metro fires pose severe threats to occupant safety because confined underground spaces combine high population density, limited visibility, and rapidly evolving thermal and toxic hazards.
Key Innovation: Simulation results show that the proposed framework achieves a 100% success rate in static and 96% success rate in dynamic scenarios, outperforming graph-search and deterministic reinforcement learning baselines.
146. Quasi-static test/numerical simulation method and comparative study of the prefabricated subway station structure
Core Problem: Meanwhile, the numerical model incorporating the CZM shows better performance than the CFM in terms of overall damage distribution, crack propagation patterns, and identification of critical damaged regions.
Key Innovation: The results indicate that the lower part of the prefabricated structure eventually evolves into a four-hinge frame mechanism as splicing interface opening failure progresses and plastic hinges gradually develop.
147. Stress evolution and polarization mechanism of large-scale precast underground components with closed cavities during construction: an in-situ monitoring study
Core Problem: However, the local replacement of solid concrete by lightweight foamed-concrete core moulds changes the continuous load-transfer path of the cross-section, inducing local stress amplification and load-bearing mode transitions in closed-cavity zones during construction-stage boundary transitions.
Key Innovation: These findings indicate that construction monitoring and local verification of precast underground components with closed cavities should cover the key boundary transition stages before structural closure, rather than relying only on the stable stress state after closure.
148. Mechanical behavior and failure characteristics of large-section special-shaped multi-arch tunnels: Role of middle wall configuration and thickness
Core Problem: Particularly, the influence of the configuration and thickness of the middle wall on deformation development and structural failure remains unclear.
Key Innovation: In this study, the loading-to-failure behavior of large-section, special-shaped, multi-arch tunnels was explored through a combined program of physical model tests and numerical simulations.
149. Grouting mechanism of micro-fissured rock considering slurry-rock mass coupling effect: Theoretical model
Core Problem: At low injection peak pressures (0-3 MPa), the slurry volume absorbed by fissure deformation is below 2% for b 0 ≥ 0.4 mm; however, at 10 MPa, the proportion for b 0 ≤ 0.3 mm is nearly twice that for b 0 ≥ 0.4 mm.
Key Innovation: The study presents a theoretical model and a step-wise calculation method for grouting diffusion and pressure dissipation in a single parallel-plate micro-fissure, accounting for the slurry-rock mass coupling effect.
150. Dynamic behavior of a shallow-buried utility tunnel subjected to ground explosions
Core Problem: Shallow-buried utility tunnels, as integral components of urban lifelines, can be severely damaged or destroyed when subjected to a ground explosion.
Key Innovation: First, a refined finite element (FE) model of the utility tunnel, with a rectangular cross-section of 4.25 m × 6.15 m and a length of 10 m, was established for the ground explosion scenarios.
151. Analytical stress calculation method of rock caverns for compressed air energy storage with non-hydrostatic ground stress under full bonding contact and Coulomb frictional contact conditions
Core Problem: An analytical stress calculation method of rock caverns for compressed air energy storage (CAES) with non-hydrostatic initial ground stress under the full bonding contact and Coulomb frictional contact between lining and surrounding rock is proposed, respectively.
Key Innovation: In the solutions, a displacement release coefficient η is introduced to consider the support delay during the construction stage, and the superposition method is adopted to consider the thermal strain during the operational stage.
152. Experimental study on leaching zone characteristics and leaching depth prediction of shotcrete under groundwater conditions
Core Problem: In groundwater environments, tunnel shotcrete remains in long-term contact with seepage water and is therefore susceptible to calcium leaching deterioration, which may threaten the long-term structural safety and service performance of tunnels.
Key Innovation: Combined with multiple microstructural characterization techniques, the leaching zoning characteristics of shotcrete were systematically investigated.
153. Analysis of the coupling effect of double-edged disc cutter spacing and rock characteristics on rock breaking efficiency
Core Problem: Most of the existing studies focus on the force and spacing optimization of single-edged disc cutters, and the systematic analysis of the coupling mechanism between blade spacing and lithology of double-edged disc cutters is still lacking.
Key Innovation: These findings provide a theoretical basis and engineering reference for the design of shield cutterhead and the dynamic optimization of tunneling parameters in complex stratum.
154. An iterative analytical model for CAES caverns considering non-uniform radial and hoop lining damage
Core Problem: In addition, the load-transfer relationship among different structural components is mainly controlled by geometric configuration and material properties, while exhibiting limited sensitivity to the applied air pressure magnitude.
Key Innovation: The proposed model is validated against numerical simulations for a CAES cavern project currently under construction, showing excellent agreement while achieving significantly improved computational efficiency.
155. Design and properties evaluation of a wet-ground superfine cementitious grouting material for micro-cracked rock tunnel
Core Problem: The development of cost-effective and environmentally sustainable grouting materials with superior workability for pre-grouting in micro-cracked rock tunnels constitutes a prominent research focus in underground engineering.
Key Innovation: The study proposes a practical and efficient strategy for preparing wet-ground superfine cementitious grout (WGSC) via wet grinding and modification of ordinary Portland cement grout.
156. Effect of defect filled strength on hydraulic fracturing behavior in granite: A μCT perspective
Core Problem: However, the presence of filled defects can significantly affect fracture propagation behavior.
Key Innovation: Dry hot rock reservoirs are characterized by low porosity and permeability, necessitating hydraulic fracturing to enhance reservoir permeability for the construction of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS).
157. Investigation of distribution characteristics of blast-induced damage in inclined thin-layered rock masses
Core Problem: However, the distribution characteristics of blast-induced damage in such rock masses are still unclear.
Key Innovation: In this study, the generation mechanisms of blast-induced damage are investigated based on the dynamic stress field in layered rock masses.
158. Performance and mechanism differences of thermal spallation in dry and water-saturated hard rocks
Core Problem: Thermal spallation and parasitic tensile fracturing under surface heating are promising for hard rock breaking engineering in constrained environments, such as deep Earth formations and extraterrestrial settings.
Key Innovation: Dry samples present circular spallation depressions with a larger diameter, whereas water-saturated samples develop deeper circular spallation depressions.
159. A revisit of slug injection in a finite-domain porous media: theory, experimental validation, and multi-parameter estimation
Core Problem: The study reformulates slug injection as a finite-reservoir boundary process rather than an idealized point source, linking inlet solute depletion, outlet constraint, and multi-parameter estimation within a finite-domain framework.
Key Innovation: These results demonstrate that explicitly accounting for finite-domain boundaries improves slug-injection interpretation and supports physically consistent multi-parameter identification.
160. Experimental study on pore-permeability evolution during mineral dissolution with dynamic variations in specific surface area and tortuosity
Core Problem: However, existing porosity-permeability relationship models often neglect the dynamic variations in pore-structure parameters, such as the specific surface area (SSA) and tortuosity, when describing mineral dissolution-dominated reactive transport processes.
Key Innovation: In this study, sandstone dissolution by a carbonic acid solution was investigated experimentally.
161. The extended spectral differentiation method for Biot’s dynamic consolidation model considering stratification
Core Problem: In view of the three-dimensional consolidation response of layered saturated porous media under dynamic loading, this study proposes an extended spectral differentiation method (ESDM) based on Biot’s dynamic consolidation model.
Key Innovation: Numerical results show that the proposed method exhibits good convergence, stable numerical inverse-transform behavior, and significantly higher computational efficiency.
162. Particle migration and drainage behavior of sand-amended soft clay under staged vacuum preloading: Experiments and LBM-DEM modeling
Core Problem: The vacuum loading method, sand particle size, and the mass ratio of sand to clay are critical factors influencing soil consolidation and drainage performance.
Key Innovation: Soils in coastal tidal flat areas are predominantly soft clay with special properties, making them unsuitable for direct use as construction material.
163. Reliability assessment of axial and lateral bearing capacity of pile foundation in soft soils based on self-boring in-situ shear pressuremeter (SBISP)
Core Problem: However, the coupled effects of expansion and shearing are still not fully understood.
Key Innovation: A method for evaluating the pile bearing capacity using SBISP results was subsequently proposed.
164. Sample Size Effects on Morphological and Particle Size Distribution Characteristics of Granular Materials: 2D and 3D Analyses
Core Problem: Given the inherent heterogeneity in particle shape and size, limited sampling may lead to significant errors in estimating representative values.
Key Innovation: The study investigates the statistical reliability of quantification of 2D and 3D morphological and grading characteristics of irregular granular soils across varying sample sizes.
165. Microscopic analysis of thermo-mechanical coupled effects on wellbore stability using a hybrid DEM-FDM approach
Core Problem: Efficient and cost-effective underground thermal energy storage systems often face challenges related to wellbore instability and failure induced by hot fluid injection.
Key Innovation: To overcome these constraints, this study develops a discrete-continuum coupling approach that integrates DEM with a finite difference framework.
166. Inverse calibration of fabric-anisotropic hypoplasticity constrained by effective stress-path geometry for direction-dependent undrained sand response
Core Problem: Direction-dependent undrained responses of deposited sands pose a difficult inverse problem for fabric-anisotropic hypoplasticity, because stress-strain curves, pressure dependence and non-monotonic effective stress paths must be constrained simultaneously.
Key Innovation: The study develops a stress-path-geometry-informed inverse-analysis framework for identifying fabric-anisotropic hypoplastic parameters from multi-case undrained triaxial data.
167. A novel fully coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical-chemical model for hot dry rock reservoirs based on the non-conforming grid
Core Problem: However, their application to thermal-hydraulic-mechanical-chemical (THMC) coupling remains limited by the difficulty of representing multi-field interactions within reduced-dimensional fractures and by the loose coupling among physical fields.
Key Innovation: The results demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively capture fracture-dominated THMC coupling processes and long-term performance in HDR reservoirs.
168. Evolution of particle size and shape in a sheared assembly with realistic breakable grains using DEM
Core Problem: At the critical state, the influence of confining pressure on the mechanical coordination number of breakable specimens becomes limited.
Key Innovation: The study investigates the evolution of particle breakage under triaxial compression using the discrete element method and elucidates the relationship between macroscopic responses and the underlying micromechanical mechanisms.
169. Effect of soil-container friction on the seismic response of geostructures in centrifuge tests
Core Problem: Accurate modeling of geostructures in liquefiable soils during seismic events is essential for understanding potential failure mechanisms and improving engineering design.
Key Innovation: As part of the Liquefaction Experiments and Analysis Projects (LEAP), over 80 centrifuge tests have been performed to investigate the seismic response of geostructures in liquefiable soils.
170. Soil-structure interaction effects on seismic demand and fragility of CLT wall systems coupled with dissipating connectors
Core Problem: Moreover, neglecting the frequency dependence of soil-foundation impedance results into a non-conservative assessment of seismic demand, particularly for heterogeneous soil profiles involving a soft upper layer, for which SSI effects emerge as a critical design consideration.
Key Innovation: It is shown that for low-to moderate intensity ground motions, the SSI increased the maximum inter-story drift ratio and accumulated hysteretic energy demands.
171. Effect of initial static shear stress and drainage conditions on cyclic strength of clay-steel interfaces
Core Problem: The cyclic behavior of clay-structure interfaces is critical for the long-term serviceability and stability of marine infrastructure.
Key Innovation: The results reveal that increased cyclic stress accelerates stiffness degradation and pore pressure buildup.
172. Dynamic response characteristics of tunnel structure in water-rich soft strata under train vibration loads
Core Problem: To investigate the influence of groundwater on the dynamic response of heavy-haul railway tunnel structures, a self-developed three-dimensional (3D) dynamic testing apparatus was utilized to conduct laboratory-scale model tests.
Key Innovation: The Frequency Response Function (FRF) and coherence coefficient were introduced to validate the reliability of the test results.
173. Particle-size and water-content effects on the dielectric behavior and GPR response of railway ballast
Core Problem: However, the intrinsic particle-size effect is difficult to identify from field ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data because it is commonly coupled with gradation, fouling, moisture variation, and structural heterogeneity.
Key Innovation: Railway ballast is a coarse granular construction material whose dielectric behavior depends on particle size and water content.
174. Investigation of Ultrasonic Attenuation Mechanisms in Ballastless Tracks: Correlating Multi-Scale Material Properties with Structural Damage
Core Problem: Ballastless track structures are complex multilayered composite systems composed of concrete and mortar materials.
Key Innovation: The results reveal that ultrasonic attenuation in ballastless tracks is governed by the combined effects of macroscopic geometric spreading, mesoscopic scattering, and microscopic material absorption.
175. Analytical solution for heat conduction in multi-layered geomaterials with thermal resistance: A case study of nuclear waste repository
Core Problem: A comparative analysis of temperature fields in repositories with three- and four-layered barrier systems revealed that the gap between the canister and bentonite block significantly affects the peak temperature in the buffer layer.
Key Innovation: In this regard, a two-dimensional axisymmetric mathematical model for transient heat conduction in multi-layered geomaterials with interfacial thermal resistance was established.
176. Experimental study on mechanical properties of rock salt under hydrogen corrosion
Core Problem: However, the evolution of the mechanical properties of rock salt under hydrogen corrosion remains insufficiently understood.
Key Innovation: To investigate the effects of hydrogen corrosion on the mechanical properties of rock salt, mechanical tests were performed on rock salt and interlayer samples subjected to hydrogen corrosion for 0, 30, and 60 d, complemented by microstructural characterization using computed tomography (CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
177. Mechanistic insights into mineral-specific interactions in biopolymer-stabilized soils
Core Problem: Biopolymer stabilization potentially offers a low-carbon alternative to traditional binders, yet mineral-specific soil-biopolymer interaction mechanisms remain unclear.
Key Innovation: Ductility decreased in mineral-reactive soils but increased in SM owing to fabric modification.